Merge tag 'v6.0'

63 files changed, 1172 insertions, 1084 deletions

diff --git a/src/main/java/org/traccar/BaseDataHandler.java b/src/main/java/org/traccar/BaseDataHandler.java
deleted file mode 100644
index 48794b0d7..000000000
--- a/src/main/java/org/traccar/BaseDataHandler.java
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,38 +0,0 @@
-/*
- * Copyright 2015 - 2018 Anton Tananaev (anton@traccar.org)
- *
- * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
- * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
- * You may obtain a copy of the License at
- *
- *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
- *
- * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
- * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
- * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
- * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
- * limitations under the License.
- */
-package org.traccar;
-
-import io.netty.channel.ChannelHandlerContext;
-import io.netty.channel.ChannelInboundHandlerAdapter;
-import org.traccar.model.Position;
-
-public abstract class BaseDataHandler extends ChannelInboundHandlerAdapter {
-
-    @Override
-    public void channelRead(ChannelHandlerContext ctx, Object msg) throws Exception {
-        if (msg instanceof Position) {
-            Position position = handlePosition((Position) msg);
-            if (position != null) {
-                ctx.fireChannelRead(position);
-            }
-        } else {
-            super.channelRead(ctx, msg);
-        }
-    }
-
-    protected abstract Position handlePosition(Position position);
-
-}
diff --git a/src/main/java/org/traccar/BasePipelineFactory.java b/src/main/java/org/traccar/BasePipelineFactory.java
index ca4a4ae63..40360cca7 100644
--- a/src/main/java/org/traccar/BasePipelineFactory.java
+++ b/src/main/java/org/traccar/BasePipelineFactory.java
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright 2012 - 2023 Anton Tananaev (anton@traccar.org)
+ * Copyright 2012 - 2024 Anton Tananaev (anton@traccar.org)
  *
  * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
  * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -25,36 +25,13 @@ import io.netty.channel.ChannelPipeline;
 import io.netty.handler.timeout.IdleStateHandler;
 import org.traccar.config.Config;
 import org.traccar.config.Keys;
-import org.traccar.handler.AcknowledgementHandler;
-import org.traccar.handler.ComputedAttributesHandler;
-import org.traccar.handler.CopyAttributesHandler;
-import org.traccar.handler.DefaultDataHandler;
-import org.traccar.handler.DistanceHandler;
-import org.traccar.handler.EngineHoursHandler;
-import org.traccar.handler.FilterHandler;
-import org.traccar.handler.GeocoderHandler;
-import org.traccar.handler.GeofenceHandler;
-import org.traccar.handler.GeolocationHandler;
-import org.traccar.handler.HemisphereHandler;
-import org.traccar.handler.MotionHandler;
-import org.traccar.handler.NetworkForwarderHandler;
-import org.traccar.handler.NetworkMessageHandler;
-import org.traccar.handler.OpenChannelHandler;
-import org.traccar.handler.RemoteAddressHandler;
-import org.traccar.handler.SpeedLimitHandler;
-import org.traccar.handler.StandardLoggingHandler;
-import org.traccar.handler.TimeHandler;
-import org.traccar.handler.events.AlertEventHandler;
-import org.traccar.handler.events.BehaviorEventHandler;
-import org.traccar.handler.events.CommandResultEventHandler;
-import org.traccar.handler.events.DriverEventHandler;
-import org.traccar.handler.events.FuelEventHandler;
-import org.traccar.handler.events.GeofenceEventHandler;
-import org.traccar.handler.events.IgnitionEventHandler;
-import org.traccar.handler.events.MaintenanceEventHandler;
-import org.traccar.handler.events.MediaEventHandler;
-import org.traccar.handler.events.MotionEventHandler;
-import org.traccar.handler.events.OverspeedEventHandler;
+import org.traccar.handler.network.AcknowledgementHandler;
+import org.traccar.handler.network.MainEventHandler;
+import org.traccar.handler.network.NetworkForwarderHandler;
+import org.traccar.handler.network.NetworkMessageHandler;
+import org.traccar.handler.network.OpenChannelHandler;
+import org.traccar.handler.network.RemoteAddressHandler;
+import org.traccar.handler.network.StandardLoggingHandler;
 
 import java.util.Map;
 
@@ -83,15 +60,7 @@ public abstract class BasePipelineFactory extends ChannelInitializer<Channel> {
 
     protected abstract void addProtocolHandlers(PipelineBuilder pipeline);
 
-    @SafeVarargs
-    private void addHandlers(ChannelPipeline pipeline, Class<? extends ChannelHandler>... handlerClasses) {
-        for (Class<? extends ChannelHandler> handlerClass : handlerClasses) {
-            if (handlerClass != null) {
-                pipeline.addLast(injector.getInstance(handlerClass));
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
+    @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
     public static <T extends ChannelHandler> T getHandler(ChannelPipeline pipeline, Class<T> clazz) {
         for (Map.Entry<String, ChannelHandler> handlerEntry : pipeline) {
             ChannelHandler handler = handlerEntry.getValue();
@@ -107,6 +76,11 @@ public abstract class BasePipelineFactory extends ChannelInitializer<Channel> {
         return null;
     }
 
+    private <T> T injectMembers(T object) {
+        injector.injectMembers(object);
+        return object;
+    }
+
     @Override
     protected void initChannel(Channel channel) {
         final ChannelPipeline pipeline = channel.pipeline();
@@ -119,15 +93,10 @@ public abstract class BasePipelineFactory extends ChannelInitializer<Channel> {
         pipeline.addLast(new OpenChannelHandler(connector));
         if (config.hasKey(Keys.SERVER_FORWARD)) {
             int port = config.getInteger(Keys.PROTOCOL_PORT.withPrefix(protocol));
-            var handler = new NetworkForwarderHandler(port);
-            injector.injectMembers(handler);
-            pipeline.addLast(handler);
+            pipeline.addLast(injectMembers(new NetworkForwarderHandler(port)));
         }
         pipeline.addLast(new NetworkMessageHandler());
-
-        var loggingHandler = new StandardLoggingHandler(protocol);
-        injector.injectMembers(loggingHandler);
-        pipeline.addLast(loggingHandler);
+        pipeline.addLast(injectMembers(new StandardLoggingHandler(protocol)));
 
         if (!connector.isDatagram() && !config.getBoolean(Keys.SERVER_INSTANT_ACKNOWLEDGEMENT)) {
             pipeline.addLast(new AcknowledgementHandler());
@@ -135,7 +104,7 @@ public abstract class BasePipelineFactory extends ChannelInitializer<Channel> {
 
         addProtocolHandlers(handler -> {
             if (handler instanceof BaseProtocolDecoder || handler instanceof BaseProtocolEncoder) {
-                injector.injectMembers(handler);
+                injectMembers(handler);
             } else {
                 if (handler instanceof ChannelInboundHandler) {
                     handler = new WrapperInboundHandler((ChannelInboundHandler) handler);
@@ -146,35 +115,9 @@ public abstract class BasePipelineFactory extends ChannelInitializer<Channel> {
             pipeline.addLast(handler);
         });
 
-        addHandlers(
-                pipeline,
-                TimeHandler.class,
-                GeolocationHandler.class,
-                HemisphereHandler.class,
-                DistanceHandler.class,
-                RemoteAddressHandler.class,
-                FilterHandler.class,
-                GeofenceHandler.class,
-                GeocoderHandler.class,
-                SpeedLimitHandler.class,
-                MotionHandler.class,
-                CopyAttributesHandler.class,
-                EngineHoursHandler.class,
-                ComputedAttributesHandler.class,
-                PositionForwardingHandler.class,
-                DefaultDataHandler.class,
-                MediaEventHandler.class,
-                CommandResultEventHandler.class,
-                OverspeedEventHandler.class,
-                BehaviorEventHandler.class,
-                FuelEventHandler.class,
-                MotionEventHandler.class,
-                GeofenceEventHandler.class,
-                AlertEventHandler.class,
-                IgnitionEventHandler.class,
-                MaintenanceEventHandler.class,
-                DriverEventHandler.class,
-                MainEventHandler.class);
+        pipeline.addLast(injector.getInstance(RemoteAddressHandler.class));
+        pipeline.addLast(injector.getInstance(ProcessingHandler.class));
+        pipeline.addLast(injector.getInstance(MainEventHandler.class));
     }
 
 }
diff --git a/src/main/java/org/traccar/BaseProtocolDecoder.java b/src/main/java/org/traccar/BaseProtocolDecoder.java
index 495a866c0..b764e5cdf 100644
--- a/src/main/java/org/traccar/BaseProtocolDecoder.java
+++ b/src/main/java/org/traccar/BaseProtocolDecoder.java
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright 2012 - 2022 Anton Tananaev (anton@traccar.org)
+ * Copyright 2012 - 2024 Anton Tananaev (anton@traccar.org)
  *
  * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
  * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -154,25 +154,8 @@ public abstract class BaseProtocolDecoder extends ExtendedObjectDecoder {
     public void getLastLocation(Position position, Date deviceTime) {
         if (position.getDeviceId() != 0) {
             position.setOutdated(true);
-
-            Position last = cacheManager.getPosition(position.getDeviceId());
-            if (last != null) {
-                position.setFixTime(last.getFixTime());
-                position.setValid(last.getValid());
-                position.setLatitude(last.getLatitude());
-                position.setLongitude(last.getLongitude());
-                position.setAltitude(last.getAltitude());
-                position.setSpeed(last.getSpeed());
-                position.setCourse(last.getCourse());
-                position.setAccuracy(last.getAccuracy());
-            } else {
-                position.setFixTime(new Date(0));
-            }
-
             if (deviceTime != null) {
                 position.setDeviceTime(deviceTime);
-            } else {
-                position.setDeviceTime(new Date());
             }
         }
     }
diff --git a/src/main/java/org/traccar/ExtendedObjectDecoder.java b/src/main/java/org/traccar/ExtendedObjectDecoder.java
index cddddcd80..9468e2fff 100644
--- a/src/main/java/org/traccar/ExtendedObjectDecoder.java
+++ b/src/main/java/org/traccar/ExtendedObjectDecoder.java
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ import io.netty.channel.ChannelInboundHandlerAdapter;
 import io.netty.util.ReferenceCountUtil;
 import org.traccar.config.Config;
 import org.traccar.config.Keys;
-import org.traccar.handler.AcknowledgementHandler;
+import org.traccar.handler.network.AcknowledgementHandler;
 import org.traccar.helper.DataConverter;
 import org.traccar.model.Position;
 
diff --git a/src/main/java/org/traccar/MainEventHandler.java b/src/main/java/org/traccar/MainEventHandler.java
deleted file mode 100644
index fb0171d63..000000000
--- a/src/main/java/org/traccar/MainEventHandler.java
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,194 +0,0 @@
-/*
- * Copyright 2012 - 2022 Anton Tananaev (anton@traccar.org)
- *
- * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
- * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
- * You may obtain a copy of the License at
- *
- *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
- *
- * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
- * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
- * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
- * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
- * limitations under the License.
- */
-package org.traccar;
-
-import io.netty.channel.Channel;
-import io.netty.channel.ChannelHandler;
-import io.netty.channel.ChannelHandlerContext;
-import io.netty.channel.ChannelInboundHandlerAdapter;
-import io.netty.channel.socket.DatagramChannel;
-import io.netty.handler.codec.http.HttpRequestDecoder;
-import io.netty.handler.timeout.IdleStateEvent;
-import org.slf4j.Logger;
-import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
-import org.traccar.config.Config;
-import org.traccar.config.Keys;
-import org.traccar.database.StatisticsManager;
-import org.traccar.handler.AcknowledgementHandler;
-import org.traccar.helper.DateUtil;
-import org.traccar.helper.NetworkUtil;
-import org.traccar.helper.model.PositionUtil;
-import org.traccar.model.Device;
-import org.traccar.model.Position;
-import org.traccar.session.ConnectionManager;
-import org.traccar.session.cache.CacheManager;
-import org.traccar.storage.Storage;
-import org.traccar.storage.StorageException;
-import org.traccar.storage.query.Columns;
-import org.traccar.storage.query.Condition;
-import org.traccar.storage.query.Request;
-
-import jakarta.inject.Inject;
-import jakarta.inject.Singleton;
-import java.util.Arrays;
-import java.util.HashSet;
-import java.util.LinkedHashSet;
-import java.util.Set;
-
-@Singleton
-@ChannelHandler.Sharable
-public class MainEventHandler extends ChannelInboundHandlerAdapter {
-
-    private static final Logger LOGGER = LoggerFactory.getLogger(MainEventHandler.class);
-
-    private final Set<String> connectionlessProtocols = new HashSet<>();
-    private final Set<String> logAttributes = new LinkedHashSet<>();
-
-    private final CacheManager cacheManager;
-    private final Storage storage;
-    private final ConnectionManager connectionManager;
-    private final StatisticsManager statisticsManager;
-
-    @Inject
-    public MainEventHandler(
-            Config config, CacheManager cacheManager, Storage storage, ConnectionManager connectionManager,
-            StatisticsManager statisticsManager) {
-        this.cacheManager = cacheManager;
-        this.storage = storage;
-        this.connectionManager = connectionManager;
-        this.statisticsManager = statisticsManager;
-        String connectionlessProtocolList = config.getString(Keys.STATUS_IGNORE_OFFLINE);
-        if (connectionlessProtocolList != null) {
-            connectionlessProtocols.addAll(Arrays.asList(connectionlessProtocolList.split("[, ]")));
-        }
-        logAttributes.addAll(Arrays.asList(config.getString(Keys.LOGGER_ATTRIBUTES).split("[, ]")));
-    }
-
-    @Override
-    public void channelRead(ChannelHandlerContext ctx, Object msg) {
-        if (msg instanceof Position) {
-
-            Position position = (Position) msg;
-            Device device = cacheManager.getObject(Device.class, position.getDeviceId());
-
-            try {
-                if (PositionUtil.isLatest(cacheManager, position)) {
-                    Device updatedDevice = new Device();
-                    updatedDevice.setId(position.getDeviceId());
-                    updatedDevice.setPositionId(position.getId());
-                    storage.updateObject(updatedDevice, new Request(
-                            new Columns.Include("positionId"),
-                            new Condition.Equals("id", updatedDevice.getId())));
-
-                    cacheManager.updatePosition(position);
-                    connectionManager.updatePosition(true, position);
-                }
-            } catch (StorageException error) {
-                LOGGER.warn("Failed to update device", error);
-            }
-
-            StringBuilder builder = new StringBuilder();
-            builder.append("[").append(NetworkUtil.session(ctx.channel())).append("] ");
-            builder.append("id: ").append(device.getUniqueId());
-            for (String attribute : logAttributes) {
-                switch (attribute) {
-                    case "time":
-                        builder.append(", time: ").append(DateUtil.formatDate(position.getFixTime(), false));
-                        break;
-                    case "position":
-                        builder.append(", lat: ").append(String.format("%.5f", position.getLatitude()));
-                        builder.append(", lon: ").append(String.format("%.5f", position.getLongitude()));
-                        break;
-                    case "speed":
-                        if (position.getSpeed() > 0) {
-                            builder.append(", speed: ").append(String.format("%.1f", position.getSpeed()));
-                        }
-                        break;
-                    case "course":
-                        builder.append(", course: ").append(String.format("%.1f", position.getCourse()));
-                        break;
-                    case "accuracy":
-                        if (position.getAccuracy() > 0) {
-                            builder.append(", accuracy: ").append(String.format("%.1f", position.getAccuracy()));
-                        }
-                        break;
-                    case "outdated":
-                        if (position.getOutdated()) {
-                            builder.append(", outdated");
-                        }
-                        break;
-                    case "invalid":
-                        if (!position.getValid()) {
-                            builder.append(", invalid");
-                        }
-                        break;
-                    default:
-                        Object value = position.getAttributes().get(attribute);
-                        if (value != null) {
-                            builder.append(", ").append(attribute).append(": ").append(value);
-                        }
-                        break;
-                }
-            }
-            LOGGER.info(builder.toString());
-
-            statisticsManager.registerMessageStored(position.getDeviceId(), position.getProtocol());
-
-            ctx.writeAndFlush(new AcknowledgementHandler.EventHandled(position));
-        }
-    }
-
-    @Override
-    public void channelActive(ChannelHandlerContext ctx) {
-        if (!(ctx.channel() instanceof DatagramChannel)) {
-            LOGGER.info("[{}] connected", NetworkUtil.session(ctx.channel()));
-        }
-    }
-
-    @Override
-    public void channelInactive(ChannelHandlerContext ctx) {
-        LOGGER.info("[{}] disconnected", NetworkUtil.session(ctx.channel()));
-        closeChannel(ctx.channel());
-
-        boolean supportsOffline = BasePipelineFactory.getHandler(ctx.pipeline(), HttpRequestDecoder.class) == null
-                && !connectionlessProtocols.contains(ctx.pipeline().get(BaseProtocolDecoder.class).getProtocolName());
-        connectionManager.deviceDisconnected(ctx.channel(), supportsOffline);
-    }
-
-    @Override
-    public void exceptionCaught(ChannelHandlerContext ctx, Throwable cause) {
-        while (cause.getCause() != null && cause.getCause() != cause) {
-            cause = cause.getCause();
-        }
-        LOGGER.info("[{}] error", NetworkUtil.session(ctx.channel()), cause);
-        closeChannel(ctx.channel());
-    }
-
-    @Override
-    public void userEventTriggered(ChannelHandlerContext ctx, Object evt) {
-        if (evt instanceof IdleStateEvent) {
-            LOGGER.info("[{}] timed out", NetworkUtil.session(ctx.channel()));
-            closeChannel(ctx.channel());
-        }
-    }
-
-    private void closeChannel(Channel channel) {
-        if (!(channel instanceof DatagramChannel)) {
-            channel.close();
-        }
-    }
-
-}
diff --git a/src/main/java/org/traccar/MainModule.java b/src/main/java/org/traccar/MainModule.java
index 26654947e..791d61c61 100644
--- a/src/main/java/org/traccar/MainModule.java
+++ b/src/main/java/org/traccar/MainModule.java
@@ -72,9 +72,12 @@ import org.traccar.geolocation.GeolocationProvider;
 import org.traccar.geolocation.GoogleGeolocationProvider;
 import org.traccar.geolocation.OpenCellIdGeolocationProvider;
 import org.traccar.geolocation.UnwiredGeolocationProvider;
+import org.traccar.handler.CopyAttributesHandler;
+import org.traccar.handler.FilterHandler;
 import org.traccar.handler.GeocoderHandler;
 import org.traccar.handler.GeolocationHandler;
 import org.traccar.handler.SpeedLimitHandler;
+import org.traccar.handler.TimeHandler;
 import org.traccar.helper.ObjectMapperContextResolver;
 import org.traccar.helper.SanitizerModule;
 import org.traccar.helper.WebHelper;
@@ -338,6 +341,34 @@ public class MainModule extends AbstractModule {
 
     @Singleton
     @Provides
+    public static CopyAttributesHandler provideCopyAttributesHandler(Config config, CacheManager cacheManager) {
+        if (config.getBoolean(Keys.PROCESSING_COPY_ATTRIBUTES_ENABLE)) {
+            return new CopyAttributesHandler(config, cacheManager);
+        }
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    @Singleton
+    @Provides
+    public static FilterHandler provideFilterHandler(
+            Config config, CacheManager cacheManager, Storage storage, StatisticsManager statisticsManager) {
+        if (config.getBoolean(Keys.FILTER_ENABLE)) {
+            return new FilterHandler(config, cacheManager, storage, statisticsManager);
+        }
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    @Singleton
+    @Provides
+    public static TimeHandler provideTimeHandler(Config config) {
+        if (config.hasKey(Keys.TIME_OVERRIDE)) {
+            return new TimeHandler(config);
+        }
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    @Singleton
+    @Provides
     public static BroadcastService provideBroadcastService(
             Config config, ObjectMapper objectMapper) throws IOException {
         if (config.hasKey(Keys.BROADCAST_TYPE)) {
diff --git a/src/main/java/org/traccar/ProcessingHandler.java b/src/main/java/org/traccar/ProcessingHandler.java
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..fd048d127
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/main/java/org/traccar/ProcessingHandler.java
@@ -0,0 +1,203 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright 2024 Anton Tananaev (anton@traccar.org)
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+package org.traccar;
+
+import com.google.inject.Injector;
+import io.netty.channel.ChannelHandler;
+import io.netty.channel.ChannelHandlerContext;
+import io.netty.channel.ChannelInboundHandlerAdapter;
+import jakarta.inject.Inject;
+import jakarta.inject.Singleton;
+import org.traccar.config.Config;
+import org.traccar.database.BufferingManager;
+import org.traccar.database.NotificationManager;
+import org.traccar.handler.BasePositionHandler;
+import org.traccar.handler.ComputedAttributesHandler;
+import org.traccar.handler.CopyAttributesHandler;
+import org.traccar.handler.DatabaseHandler;
+import org.traccar.handler.DistanceHandler;
+import org.traccar.handler.EngineHoursHandler;
+import org.traccar.handler.FilterHandler;
+import org.traccar.handler.GeocoderHandler;
+import org.traccar.handler.GeofenceHandler;
+import org.traccar.handler.GeolocationHandler;
+import org.traccar.handler.HemisphereHandler;
+import org.traccar.handler.MotionHandler;
+import org.traccar.handler.OutdatedHandler;
+import org.traccar.handler.PositionForwardingHandler;
+import org.traccar.handler.PostProcessHandler;
+import org.traccar.handler.SpeedLimitHandler;
+import org.traccar.handler.TimeHandler;
+import org.traccar.handler.events.AlertEventHandler;
+import org.traccar.handler.events.BaseEventHandler;
+import org.traccar.handler.events.BehaviorEventHandler;
+import org.traccar.handler.events.CommandResultEventHandler;
+import org.traccar.handler.events.DriverEventHandler;
+import org.traccar.handler.events.FuelEventHandler;
+import org.traccar.handler.events.GeofenceEventHandler;
+import org.traccar.handler.events.IgnitionEventHandler;
+import org.traccar.handler.events.MaintenanceEventHandler;
+import org.traccar.handler.events.MediaEventHandler;
+import org.traccar.handler.events.MotionEventHandler;
+import org.traccar.handler.events.OverspeedEventHandler;
+import org.traccar.handler.network.AcknowledgementHandler;
+import org.traccar.helper.PositionLogger;
+import org.traccar.model.Position;
+
+import java.util.HashMap;
+import java.util.LinkedList;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.Objects;
+import java.util.Queue;
+import java.util.stream.Collectors;
+import java.util.stream.Stream;
+
+@Singleton
+@ChannelHandler.Sharable
+public class ProcessingHandler extends ChannelInboundHandlerAdapter implements BufferingManager.Callback {
+
+    private final NotificationManager notificationManager;
+    private final PositionLogger positionLogger;
+    private final BufferingManager bufferingManager;
+    private final List<BasePositionHandler> positionHandlers;
+    private final List<BaseEventHandler> eventHandlers;
+    private final PostProcessHandler postProcessHandler;
+
+    private final Map<Long, Queue<Position>> queues = new HashMap<>();
+
+    private synchronized Queue<Position> getQueue(long deviceId) {
+        return queues.computeIfAbsent(deviceId, k -> new LinkedList<>());
+    }
+
+    @Inject
+    public ProcessingHandler(
+            Injector injector, Config config, NotificationManager notificationManager, PositionLogger positionLogger) {
+        this.notificationManager = notificationManager;
+        this.positionLogger = positionLogger;
+        bufferingManager = new BufferingManager(config, this);
+
+        positionHandlers = Stream.of(
+                OutdatedHandler.class,
+                TimeHandler.class,
+                GeolocationHandler.class,
+                HemisphereHandler.class,
+                DistanceHandler.class,
+                FilterHandler.class,
+                GeofenceHandler.class,
+                GeocoderHandler.class,
+                SpeedLimitHandler.class,
+                MotionHandler.class,
+                EngineHoursHandler.class,
+                ComputedAttributesHandler.class,
+                CopyAttributesHandler.class,
+                PositionForwardingHandler.class,
+                DatabaseHandler.class)
+                .map((clazz) -> (BasePositionHandler) injector.getInstance(clazz))
+                .filter(Objects::nonNull)
+                .collect(Collectors.toUnmodifiableList());
+
+        eventHandlers = Stream.of(
+                MediaEventHandler.class,
+                CommandResultEventHandler.class,
+                OverspeedEventHandler.class,
+                BehaviorEventHandler.class,
+                FuelEventHandler.class,
+                MotionEventHandler.class,
+                GeofenceEventHandler.class,
+                AlertEventHandler.class,
+                IgnitionEventHandler.class,
+                MaintenanceEventHandler.class,
+                DriverEventHandler.class)
+                .map((clazz) -> (BaseEventHandler) injector.getInstance(clazz))
+                .filter(Objects::nonNull)
+                .collect(Collectors.toUnmodifiableList());
+
+        postProcessHandler = injector.getInstance(PostProcessHandler.class);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void channelRead(ChannelHandlerContext ctx, Object msg) throws Exception {
+        if (msg instanceof Position) {
+            bufferingManager.accept(ctx, (Position) msg);
+        } else {
+            super.channelRead(ctx, msg);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void onReleased(ChannelHandlerContext context, Position position) {
+        Queue<Position> queue = getQueue(position.getDeviceId());
+        boolean queued;
+        synchronized (queue) {
+            queued = !queue.isEmpty();
+            queue.offer(position);
+        }
+        if (!queued) {
+            processPositionHandlers(context, position);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void processPositionHandlers(ChannelHandlerContext ctx, Position position) {
+        var iterator = positionHandlers.iterator();
+        iterator.next().handlePosition(position, new BasePositionHandler.Callback() {
+            @Override
+            public void processed(boolean filtered) {
+                if (!filtered) {
+                    if (iterator.hasNext()) {
+                        iterator.next().handlePosition(position, this);
+                    } else {
+                        processEventHandlers(ctx, position);
+                    }
+                } else {
+                    finishedProcessing(ctx, position, true);
+                }
+            }
+        });
+    }
+
+    private void processEventHandlers(ChannelHandlerContext ctx, Position position) {
+        eventHandlers.forEach(handler -> handler.analyzePosition(
+                position, (event) -> notificationManager.updateEvents(Map.of(event, position))));
+        finishedProcessing(ctx, position, false);
+    }
+
+    private void finishedProcessing(ChannelHandlerContext ctx, Position position, boolean filtered) {
+        if (!filtered) {
+            postProcessHandler.handlePosition(position, ignore -> {
+                positionLogger.log(ctx, position);
+                ctx.writeAndFlush(new AcknowledgementHandler.EventHandled(position));
+                processNextPosition(ctx, position.getDeviceId());
+            });
+        } else {
+            ctx.writeAndFlush(new AcknowledgementHandler.EventHandled(position));
+            processNextPosition(ctx, position.getDeviceId());
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void processNextPosition(ChannelHandlerContext ctx, long deviceId) {
+        Queue<Position> queue = getQueue(deviceId);
+        Position nextPosition;
+        synchronized (queue) {
+            queue.poll(); // remove current position
+            nextPosition = queue.peek();
+        }
+        if (nextPosition != null) {
+            processPositionHandlers(ctx, nextPosition);
+        }
+    }
+
+}
diff --git a/src/main/java/org/traccar/ServerManager.java b/src/main/java/org/traccar/ServerManager.java
index e91be50a2..22af66b41 100644
--- a/src/main/java/org/traccar/ServerManager.java
+++ b/src/main/java/org/traccar/ServerManager.java
@@ -82,12 +82,8 @@ public class ServerManager implements LifecycleObject {
 
     @Override
     public void stop() throws Exception {
-        try {
-            for (TrackerConnector connector : connectorList) {
-                connector.stop();
-            }
-        } finally {
-            GlobalTimer.release();
+        for (TrackerConnector connector : connectorList) {
+            connector.stop();
         }
     }
 
diff --git a/src/main/java/org/traccar/api/resource/DeviceResource.java b/src/main/java/org/traccar/api/resource/DeviceResource.java
index 89bba7237..56253152f 100644
--- a/src/main/java/org/traccar/api/resource/DeviceResource.java
+++ b/src/main/java/org/traccar/api/resource/DeviceResource.java
@@ -62,6 +62,9 @@ import java.util.List;
 @Consumes(MediaType.APPLICATION_JSON)
 public class DeviceResource extends BaseObjectResource<Device> {
 
+    private static final int DEFAULT_BUFFER_SIZE = 8192;
+    private static final int IMAGE_SIZE_LIMIT = 500000;
+
     @Inject
     private Config config;
 
@@ -172,6 +175,23 @@ public class DeviceResource extends BaseObjectResource<Device> {
         return Response.noContent().build();
     }
 
+    private String imageExtension(String type) {
+        switch (type) {
+            case "image/jpeg":
+                return "jpg";
+            case "image/png":
+                return "png";
+            case "image/gif":
+                return "gif";
+            case "image/webp":
+                return "webp";
+            case "image/svg+xml":
+                return "svg";
+            default:
+                throw new IllegalArgumentException("Unsupported image type");
+        }
+    }
+
     @Path("{id}/image")
     @POST
     @Consumes("image/*")
@@ -186,10 +206,20 @@ public class DeviceResource extends BaseObjectResource<Device> {
                         new Condition.Permission(User.class, getUserId(), Device.class))));
         if (device != null) {
             String name = "device";
-            String extension = type.substring("image/".length());
+            String extension = imageExtension(type);
             try (var input = new FileInputStream(file);
                     var output = mediaManager.createFileStream(device.getUniqueId(), name, extension)) {
-                input.transferTo(output);
+
+                long transferred = 0;
+                byte[] buffer = new byte[DEFAULT_BUFFER_SIZE];
+                int read;
+                while ((read = input.read(buffer, 0, buffer.length)) >= 0) {
+                    output.write(buffer, 0, read);
+                    transferred += read;
+                    if (transferred > IMAGE_SIZE_LIMIT) {
+                        throw new IllegalArgumentException("Image size limit exceeded");
+                    }
+                }
             }
             return Response.ok(name + "." + extension).build();
         }
diff --git a/src/main/java/org/traccar/api/resource/UserResource.java b/src/main/java/org/traccar/api/resource/UserResource.java
index 47ea9b07c..fbc31e46a 100644
--- a/src/main/java/org/traccar/api/resource/UserResource.java
+++ b/src/main/java/org/traccar/api/resource/UserResource.java
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright 2015 - 2022 Anton Tananaev (anton@traccar.org)
+ * Copyright 2015 - 2024 Anton Tananaev (anton@traccar.org)
  *
  * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
  * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -95,7 +95,9 @@ public class UserResource extends BaseObjectResource<User> {
                     }
                 }
             } else {
-                if (!permissionsService.getServer().getRegistration()) {
+                if (UserUtil.isEmpty(storage)) {
+                    entity.setAdministrator(true);
+                } else if (!permissionsService.getServer().getRegistration()) {
                     throw new SecurityException("Registration disabled");
                 }
                 if (permissionsService.getServer().getBoolean(Keys.WEB_TOTP_FORCE.getKey())
@@ -106,10 +108,6 @@ public class UserResource extends BaseObjectResource<User> {
             }
         }
 
-        if (UserUtil.isEmpty(storage)) {
-            entity.setAdministrator(true);
-        }
-
         entity.setId(storage.addObject(entity, new Request(new Columns.Exclude("id"))));
         storage.updateObject(entity, new Request(
                 new Columns.Include("hashedPassword", "salt"),
diff --git a/src/main/java/org/traccar/config/Keys.java b/src/main/java/org/traccar/config/Keys.java
index 4aacb2cd8..d346084bd 100644
--- a/src/main/java/org/traccar/config/Keys.java
+++ b/src/main/java/org/traccar/config/Keys.java
@@ -293,6 +293,14 @@ public final class Keys {
             false);
 
     /**
+     * If not zero, enable buffering of incoming data to handle ordering locations. The value is threshold for
+     * buffering in milliseconds.
+     */
+    public static final ConfigKey<Long> SERVER_BUFFERING_THRESHOLD = new LongConfigKey(
+            "server.buffering.threshold",
+            List.of(KeyType.CONFIG));
+
+    /**
      * Server wide connection timeout value in seconds. See protocol timeout for more information.
      */
     public static final ConfigKey<Integer> SERVER_TIMEOUT = new IntegerConfigKey(
diff --git a/src/main/java/org/traccar/database/BufferingManager.java b/src/main/java/org/traccar/database/BufferingManager.java
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..4d288c8d0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/main/java/org/traccar/database/BufferingManager.java
@@ -0,0 +1,115 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright 2024 Anton Tananaev (anton@traccar.org)
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+package org.traccar.database;
+
+import io.netty.channel.ChannelHandlerContext;
+import io.netty.util.HashedWheelTimer;
+import io.netty.util.Timeout;
+import io.netty.util.Timer;
+import org.slf4j.Logger;
+import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
+import org.traccar.config.Config;
+import org.traccar.config.Keys;
+import org.traccar.model.Position;
+
+import java.util.Date;
+import java.util.HashMap;
+import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.TreeSet;
+import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;
+
+public class BufferingManager {
+
+    private static final Logger LOGGER = LoggerFactory.getLogger(BufferingManager.class);
+
+    public interface Callback {
+        void onReleased(ChannelHandlerContext context, Position position);
+    }
+
+    private static final class Holder implements Comparable<Holder> {
+
+        private final ChannelHandlerContext context;
+        private final Position position;
+        private Timeout timeout;
+
+        private Holder(ChannelHandlerContext context, Position position) {
+            this.context = context;
+            this.position = position;
+        }
+
+        private int compareTime(Date left, Date right) {
+            if (left != null && right != null) {
+                return left.compareTo(right);
+            }
+            return 0;
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public int compareTo(Holder other) {
+            int fixTimeResult = compareTime(position.getFixTime(), other.position.getFixTime());
+            if (fixTimeResult != 0) {
+                return fixTimeResult;
+            }
+
+            int deviceTimeResult = compareTime(position.getDeviceTime(), other.position.getDeviceTime());
+            if (deviceTimeResult != 0) {
+                return deviceTimeResult;
+            }
+
+            return position.getServerTime().compareTo(other.position.getServerTime());
+        }
+    }
+
+    private final Timer timer = new HashedWheelTimer();
+    private final Callback callback;
+    private final long threshold;
+
+    private final Map<Long, TreeSet<Holder>> buffer = new HashMap<>();
+
+    public BufferingManager(Config config, Callback callback) {
+        this.callback = callback;
+        threshold = config.getLong(Keys.SERVER_BUFFERING_THRESHOLD);
+    }
+
+    private Timeout scheduleTimeout(Holder holder) {
+        return timer.newTimeout(
+                timeout -> {
+                    LOGGER.info("released {}", holder.position.getFixTime());
+                    buffer.get(holder.position.getDeviceId()).remove(holder);
+                    callback.onReleased(holder.context, holder.position);
+                },
+                threshold, TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS);
+    }
+
+    public void accept(ChannelHandlerContext context, Position position) {
+        if (threshold > 0) {
+            synchronized (buffer) {
+                LOGGER.info("queued {}", position.getFixTime());
+                var queue = buffer.computeIfAbsent(position.getDeviceId(), k -> new TreeSet<>());
+                Holder holder = new Holder(context, position);
+                holder.timeout = scheduleTimeout(holder);
+                queue.add(holder);
+                queue.tailSet(holder).forEach(h -> {
+                    h.timeout.cancel();
+                    h.timeout = scheduleTimeout(h);
+                });
+            }
+        } else {
+            callback.onReleased(context, position);
+        }
+    }
+
+}
diff --git a/src/main/java/org/traccar/database/GroupTree.java b/src/main/java/org/traccar/database/GroupTree.java
deleted file mode 100644
index 8798f55bc..000000000
--- a/src/main/java/org/traccar/database/GroupTree.java
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,151 +0,0 @@
-/*
- * Copyright 2016 Anton Tananaev (anton@traccar.org)
- *
- * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
- * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
- * You may obtain a copy of the License at
- *
- *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
- *
- * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
- * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
- * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
- * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
- * limitations under the License.
- */
-package org.traccar.database;
-
-import org.traccar.model.Device;
-import org.traccar.model.Group;
-
-import java.util.ArrayList;
-import java.util.Collection;
-import java.util.HashMap;
-import java.util.HashSet;
-import java.util.Map;
-import java.util.Set;
-
-public class GroupTree {
-
-    private static class TreeNode {
-
-        private Group group;
-        private Device device;
-        private Collection<TreeNode> children = new HashSet<>();
-
-        TreeNode(Group group) {
-            this.group = group;
-        }
-
-        TreeNode(Device device) {
-            this.device = device;
-        }
-
-        @Override
-        public int hashCode() {
-            if (group != null) {
-                return (int) group.getId();
-            } else {
-                return (int) device.getId();
-            }
-        }
-
-        @Override
-        public boolean equals(Object obj) {
-            if (!(obj instanceof TreeNode)) {
-                return false;
-            }
-            TreeNode other = (TreeNode) obj;
-            if (other == this) {
-                return true;
-            }
-            if (group != null && other.group != null) {
-                return group.getId() == other.group.getId();
-            } else if (device != null && other.device != null) {
-                return device.getId() == other.device.getId();
-            }
-            return false;
-        }
-
-        public Group getGroup() {
-            return group;
-        }
-
-        public Device getDevice() {
-            return device;
-        }
-
-        public void setParent(TreeNode parent) {
-            if (parent != null) {
-                parent.children.add(this);
-            }
-        }
-
-        public Collection<TreeNode> getChildren() {
-            return children;
-        }
-
-    }
-
-    private final Map<Long, TreeNode> groupMap = new HashMap<>();
-
-    public GroupTree(Collection<Group> groups, Collection<Device> devices) {
-
-        for (Group group : groups) {
-            groupMap.put(group.getId(), new TreeNode(group));
-        }
-
-        for (TreeNode node : groupMap.values()) {
-            if (node.getGroup().getGroupId() != 0) {
-                node.setParent(groupMap.get(node.getGroup().getGroupId()));
-            }
-        }
-
-        Map<Long, TreeNode> deviceMap = new HashMap<>();
-
-        for (Device device : devices) {
-            deviceMap.put(device.getId(), new TreeNode(device));
-        }
-
-        for (TreeNode node : deviceMap.values()) {
-            if (node.getDevice().getGroupId() != 0) {
-                node.setParent(groupMap.get(node.getDevice().getGroupId()));
-            }
-        }
-
-    }
-
-    public Collection<Group> getGroups(long groupId) {
-        Set<TreeNode> results = new HashSet<>();
-        getNodes(results, groupMap.get(groupId));
-        Collection<Group> groups = new ArrayList<>();
-        for (TreeNode node : results) {
-            if (node.getGroup() != null) {
-                groups.add(node.getGroup());
-            }
-        }
-        return groups;
-    }
-
-    public Collection<Device> getDevices(long groupId) {
-        Set<TreeNode> results = new HashSet<>();
-        getNodes(results, groupMap.get(groupId));
-        Collection<Device> devices = new ArrayList<>();
-        for (TreeNode node : results) {
-            if (node.getDevice() != null) {
-                devices.add(node.getDevice());
-            }
-        }
-        return devices;
-    }
-
-    private void getNodes(Set<TreeNode> results, TreeNode node) {
-        if (node != null) {
-            for (TreeNode child : node.getChildren()) {
-                results.add(child);
-                getNodes(results, child);
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
-}
diff --git a/src/main/java/org/traccar/GlobalTimer.java b/src/main/java/org/traccar/handler/BasePositionHandler.java
index a97321ba2..0a82e96b7 100644
--- a/src/main/java/org/traccar/GlobalTimer.java
+++ b/src/main/java/org/traccar/handler/BasePositionHandler.java
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright 2012 Anton Tananaev (anton@traccar.org)
+ * Copyright 2015 - 2024 Anton Tananaev (anton@traccar.org)
  *
  * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
  * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -13,30 +13,15 @@
  * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
  * limitations under the License.
  */
-package org.traccar;
+package org.traccar.handler;
 
-import io.netty.util.HashedWheelTimer;
-import io.netty.util.Timer;
+import org.traccar.model.Position;
 
-public final class GlobalTimer {
+public abstract class BasePositionHandler {
 
-    private static Timer instance = null;
-
-    private GlobalTimer() {
-    }
-
-    public static void release() {
-        if (instance != null) {
-            instance.stop();
-        }
-        instance = null;
-    }
-
-    public static Timer getTimer() {
-        if (instance == null) {
-            instance = new HashedWheelTimer();
-        }
-        return instance;
+    public interface Callback {
+        void processed(boolean filtered);
     }
 
+    public abstract void handlePosition(Position position, Callback callback);
 }
diff --git a/src/main/java/org/traccar/handler/ComputedAttributesHandler.java b/src/main/java/org/traccar/handler/ComputedAttributesHandler.java
index 8b010ceae..4293bd1fc 100644
--- a/src/main/java/org/traccar/handler/ComputedAttributesHandler.java
+++ b/src/main/java/org/traccar/handler/ComputedAttributesHandler.java
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright 2017 - 2023 Anton Tananaev (anton@traccar.org)
+ * Copyright 2017 - 2024 Anton Tananaev (anton@traccar.org)
  * Copyright 2017 Andrey Kunitsyn (andrey@traccar.org)
  *
  * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
@@ -16,26 +16,15 @@
  */
 package org.traccar.handler;
 
-import java.lang.reflect.InvocationTargetException;
-import java.lang.reflect.Method;
-import java.util.Arrays;
-import java.util.Collection;
-import java.util.Collections;
-import java.util.HashSet;
-import java.util.Map;
-import java.util.Set;
-import java.util.List;
-
-import io.netty.channel.ChannelHandler;
-import org.apache.commons.jexl3.JexlFeatures;
-import org.apache.commons.jexl3.JexlEngine;
+import jakarta.inject.Inject;
 import org.apache.commons.jexl3.JexlBuilder;
-import org.apache.commons.jexl3.introspection.JexlSandbox;
+import org.apache.commons.jexl3.JexlEngine;
 import org.apache.commons.jexl3.JexlException;
+import org.apache.commons.jexl3.JexlFeatures;
 import org.apache.commons.jexl3.MapContext;
+import org.apache.commons.jexl3.introspection.JexlSandbox;
 import org.slf4j.Logger;
 import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
-import org.traccar.BaseDataHandler;
 import org.traccar.config.Config;
 import org.traccar.config.Keys;
 import org.traccar.model.Attribute;
@@ -43,12 +32,17 @@ import org.traccar.model.Device;
 import org.traccar.model.Position;
 import org.traccar.session.cache.CacheManager;
 
-import jakarta.inject.Inject;
-import jakarta.inject.Singleton;
+import java.lang.reflect.InvocationTargetException;
+import java.lang.reflect.Method;
+import java.util.Arrays;
+import java.util.Collection;
+import java.util.Collections;
+import java.util.HashSet;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.Set;
 
-@Singleton
-@ChannelHandler.Sharable
-public class ComputedAttributesHandler extends BaseDataHandler {
+public class ComputedAttributesHandler extends BasePositionHandler {
 
     private static final Logger LOGGER = LoggerFactory.getLogger(ComputedAttributesHandler.class);
 
@@ -144,7 +138,7 @@ public class ComputedAttributesHandler extends BaseDataHandler {
     }
 
     @Override
-    protected Position handlePosition(Position position) {
+    public void handlePosition(Position position, Callback callback) {
         Collection<Attribute> attributes = cacheManager.getDeviceObjects(position.getDeviceId(), Attribute.class);
         for (Attribute attribute : attributes) {
             if (attribute.getAttribute() != null) {
@@ -202,7 +196,7 @@ public class ComputedAttributesHandler extends BaseDataHandler {
                 }
             }
         }
-        return position;
+        callback.processed(false);
     }
 
 }
diff --git a/src/main/java/org/traccar/handler/CopyAttributesHandler.java b/src/main/java/org/traccar/handler/CopyAttributesHandler.java
index 42b438e41..c7452e58c 100644
--- a/src/main/java/org/traccar/handler/CopyAttributesHandler.java
+++ b/src/main/java/org/traccar/handler/CopyAttributesHandler.java
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright 2016 - 2022 Anton Tananaev (anton@traccar.org)
+ * Copyright 2016 - 2024 Anton Tananaev (anton@traccar.org)
  * Copyright 2016 - 2017 Andrey Kunitsyn (andrey@traccar.org)
  *
  * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
@@ -16,45 +16,35 @@
  */
 package org.traccar.handler;
 
-import io.netty.channel.ChannelHandler;
-import org.traccar.BaseDataHandler;
+import jakarta.inject.Inject;
 import org.traccar.config.Config;
 import org.traccar.config.Keys;
 import org.traccar.helper.model.AttributeUtil;
 import org.traccar.model.Position;
 import org.traccar.session.cache.CacheManager;
 
-import jakarta.inject.Inject;
-import jakarta.inject.Singleton;
-
-@Singleton
-@ChannelHandler.Sharable
-public class CopyAttributesHandler extends BaseDataHandler {
+public class CopyAttributesHandler extends BasePositionHandler {
 
-    private final boolean enabled;
     private final CacheManager cacheManager;
 
     @Inject
     public CopyAttributesHandler(Config config, CacheManager cacheManager) {
-        enabled = config.getBoolean(Keys.PROCESSING_COPY_ATTRIBUTES_ENABLE);
         this.cacheManager = cacheManager;
     }
 
     @Override
-    protected Position handlePosition(Position position) {
-        if (enabled) {
-            String attributesString = AttributeUtil.lookup(
-                    cacheManager, Keys.PROCESSING_COPY_ATTRIBUTES, position.getDeviceId());
-            Position last = cacheManager.getPosition(position.getDeviceId());
-            if (last != null && attributesString != null) {
-                for (String attribute : attributesString.split("[ ,]")) {
-                    if (last.hasAttribute(attribute) && !position.hasAttribute(attribute)) {
-                        position.getAttributes().put(attribute, last.getAttributes().get(attribute));
-                    }
+    public void handlePosition(Position position, Callback callback) {
+        String attributesString = AttributeUtil.lookup(
+                cacheManager, Keys.PROCESSING_COPY_ATTRIBUTES, position.getDeviceId());
+        Position last = cacheManager.getPosition(position.getDeviceId());
+        if (last != null && attributesString != null) {
+            for (String attribute : attributesString.split("[ ,]")) {
+                if (last.hasAttribute(attribute) && !position.hasAttribute(attribute)) {
+                    position.getAttributes().put(attribute, last.getAttributes().get(attribute));
                 }
             }
         }
-        return position;
+        callback.processed(false);
     }
 
 }
diff --git a/src/main/java/org/traccar/handler/DefaultDataHandler.java b/src/main/java/org/traccar/handler/DatabaseHandler.java
index cca6dcd0a..5d96ebb34 100644
--- a/src/main/java/org/traccar/handler/DefaultDataHandler.java
+++ b/src/main/java/org/traccar/handler/DatabaseHandler.java
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright 2015 - 2022 Anton Tananaev (anton@traccar.org)
+ * Copyright 2015 - 2024 Anton Tananaev (anton@traccar.org)
  *
  * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
  * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -15,41 +15,39 @@
  */
 package org.traccar.handler;
 
-import io.netty.channel.ChannelHandler;
+import jakarta.inject.Inject;
 import org.slf4j.Logger;
 import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
-import org.traccar.BaseDataHandler;
+import org.traccar.database.StatisticsManager;
 import org.traccar.model.Position;
 import org.traccar.storage.Storage;
 import org.traccar.storage.query.Columns;
 import org.traccar.storage.query.Request;
 
-import jakarta.inject.Inject;
-import jakarta.inject.Singleton;
-
-@Singleton
-@ChannelHandler.Sharable
-public class DefaultDataHandler extends BaseDataHandler {
+public class DatabaseHandler extends BasePositionHandler {
 
-    private static final Logger LOGGER = LoggerFactory.getLogger(DefaultDataHandler.class);
+    private static final Logger LOGGER = LoggerFactory.getLogger(DatabaseHandler.class);
 
     private final Storage storage;
+    private final StatisticsManager statisticsManager;
 
     @Inject
-    public DefaultDataHandler(Storage storage) {
+    public DatabaseHandler(Storage storage, StatisticsManager statisticsManager) {
         this.storage = storage;
+        this.statisticsManager = statisticsManager;
     }
 
     @Override
-    protected Position handlePosition(Position position) {
+    public void handlePosition(Position position, Callback callback) {
 
         try {
             position.setId(storage.addObject(position, new Request(new Columns.Exclude("id"))));
+            statisticsManager.messageStoredCount(position.getDeviceId());
         } catch (Exception error) {
             LOGGER.warn("Failed to store position", error);
         }
 
-        return position;
+        callback.processed(false);
     }
 
 }
diff --git a/src/main/java/org/traccar/handler/DistanceHandler.java b/src/main/java/org/traccar/handler/DistanceHandler.java
index db8c73779..e8ae7753a 100644
--- a/src/main/java/org/traccar/handler/DistanceHandler.java
+++ b/src/main/java/org/traccar/handler/DistanceHandler.java
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright 2016 - 2023 Anton Tananaev (anton@traccar.org)
+ * Copyright 2016 - 2024 Anton Tananaev (anton@traccar.org)
  * Copyright 2015 Amila Silva
  *
  * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
@@ -16,19 +16,14 @@
  */
 package org.traccar.handler;
 
-import io.netty.channel.ChannelHandler;
 import jakarta.inject.Inject;
-import jakarta.inject.Singleton;
-import org.traccar.BaseDataHandler;
 import org.traccar.config.Config;
 import org.traccar.config.Keys;
 import org.traccar.helper.DistanceCalculator;
 import org.traccar.model.Position;
 import org.traccar.session.cache.CacheManager;
 
-@Singleton
-@ChannelHandler.Sharable
-public class DistanceHandler extends BaseDataHandler {
+public class DistanceHandler extends BasePositionHandler {
 
     private final CacheManager cacheManager;
 
@@ -45,7 +40,7 @@ public class DistanceHandler extends BaseDataHandler {
     }
 
     @Override
-    protected Position handlePosition(Position position) {
+    public void handlePosition(Position position, Callback callback) {
 
         double distance = 0.0;
         if (position.hasAttribute(Position.KEY_DISTANCE)) {
@@ -76,7 +71,7 @@ public class DistanceHandler extends BaseDataHandler {
         position.set(Position.KEY_DISTANCE, distance);
         position.set(Position.KEY_TOTAL_DISTANCE, totalDistance + distance);
 
-        return position;
+        callback.processed(false);
     }
 
 }
diff --git a/src/main/java/org/traccar/handler/EngineHoursHandler.java b/src/main/java/org/traccar/handler/EngineHoursHandler.java
index 621205b34..5aae6f673 100644
--- a/src/main/java/org/traccar/handler/EngineHoursHandler.java
+++ b/src/main/java/org/traccar/handler/EngineHoursHandler.java
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright 2018 - 2022 Anton Tananaev (anton@traccar.org)
+ * Copyright 2018 - 2024 Anton Tananaev (anton@traccar.org)
  * Copyright 2018 Andrey Kunitsyn (andrey@traccar.org)
  *
  * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
@@ -16,17 +16,11 @@
  */
 package org.traccar.handler;
 
-import io.netty.channel.ChannelHandler;
-import org.traccar.BaseDataHandler;
+import jakarta.inject.Inject;
 import org.traccar.model.Position;
 import org.traccar.session.cache.CacheManager;
 
-import jakarta.inject.Inject;
-import jakarta.inject.Singleton;
-
-@Singleton
-@ChannelHandler.Sharable
-public class EngineHoursHandler extends BaseDataHandler {
+public class EngineHoursHandler extends BasePositionHandler {
 
     private final CacheManager cacheManager;
 
@@ -36,7 +30,7 @@ public class EngineHoursHandler extends BaseDataHandler {
     }
 
     @Override
-    protected Position handlePosition(Position position) {
+    public void handlePosition(Position position, Callback callback) {
         if (!position.hasAttribute(Position.KEY_HOURS)) {
             Position last = cacheManager.getPosition(position.getDeviceId());
             if (last != null) {
@@ -49,7 +43,7 @@ public class EngineHoursHandler extends BaseDataHandler {
                 }
             }
         }
-        return position;
+        callback.processed(false);
     }
 
 }
diff --git a/src/main/java/org/traccar/handler/FilterHandler.java b/src/main/java/org/traccar/handler/FilterHandler.java
index a15d3ffad..796c302fb 100644
--- a/src/main/java/org/traccar/handler/FilterHandler.java
+++ b/src/main/java/org/traccar/handler/FilterHandler.java
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright 2014 - 2023 Anton Tananaev (anton@traccar.org)
+ * Copyright 2014 - 2024 Anton Tananaev (anton@traccar.org)
  *
  * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
  * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -15,9 +15,7 @@
  */
 package org.traccar.handler;
 
-import io.netty.channel.ChannelHandler;
-import io.netty.channel.ChannelHandlerContext;
-import io.netty.channel.ChannelInboundHandlerAdapter;
+import jakarta.inject.Inject;
 import org.slf4j.Logger;
 import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
 import org.traccar.config.Config;
@@ -36,17 +34,12 @@ import org.traccar.storage.query.Condition;
 import org.traccar.storage.query.Order;
 import org.traccar.storage.query.Request;
 
-import jakarta.inject.Inject;
-import jakarta.inject.Singleton;
 import java.util.Date;
 
-@Singleton
-@ChannelHandler.Sharable
-public class FilterHandler extends ChannelInboundHandlerAdapter {
+public class FilterHandler extends BasePositionHandler {
 
     private static final Logger LOGGER = LoggerFactory.getLogger(FilterHandler.class);
 
-    private final boolean enabled;
     private final boolean filterInvalid;
     private final boolean filterZero;
     private final boolean filterDuplicate;
@@ -71,7 +64,6 @@ public class FilterHandler extends ChannelInboundHandlerAdapter {
     @Inject
     public FilterHandler(
             Config config, CacheManager cacheManager, Storage storage, StatisticsManager statisticsManager) {
-        enabled = config.getBoolean(Keys.FILTER_ENABLE);
         filterInvalid = config.getBoolean(Keys.FILTER_INVALID);
         filterZero = config.getBoolean(Keys.FILTER_ZERO);
         filterDuplicate = config.getBoolean(Keys.FILTER_DUPLICATE);
@@ -277,17 +269,8 @@ public class FilterHandler extends ChannelInboundHandlerAdapter {
     }
 
     @Override
-    public void channelRead(ChannelHandlerContext ctx, Object msg) throws Exception {
-        if (msg instanceof Position) {
-            Position position = (Position) msg;
-            if (enabled && filter(position)) {
-                ctx.writeAndFlush(new AcknowledgementHandler.EventHandled(position));
-            } else {
-                ctx.fireChannelRead(position);
-            }
-        } else {
-            super.channelRead(ctx, msg);
-        }
+    public void handlePosition(Position position, Callback callback) {
+        callback.processed(filter(position));
     }
 
 }
diff --git a/src/main/java/org/traccar/handler/GeocoderHandler.java b/src/main/java/org/traccar/handler/GeocoderHandler.java
index e4f240a90..b84237856 100644
--- a/src/main/java/org/traccar/handler/GeocoderHandler.java
+++ b/src/main/java/org/traccar/handler/GeocoderHandler.java
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright 2012 - 2021 Anton Tananaev (anton@traccar.org)
+ * Copyright 2012 - 2024 Anton Tananaev (anton@traccar.org)
  *
  * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
  * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -15,9 +15,6 @@
  */
 package org.traccar.handler;
 
-import io.netty.channel.ChannelHandler;
-import io.netty.channel.ChannelHandlerContext;
-import io.netty.channel.ChannelInboundHandlerAdapter;
 import org.slf4j.Logger;
 import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
 import org.traccar.config.Config;
@@ -26,8 +23,7 @@ import org.traccar.geocoder.Geocoder;
 import org.traccar.model.Position;
 import org.traccar.session.cache.CacheManager;
 
-@ChannelHandler.Sharable
-public class GeocoderHandler extends ChannelInboundHandlerAdapter {
+public class GeocoderHandler extends BasePositionHandler {
 
     private static final Logger LOGGER = LoggerFactory.getLogger(GeocoderHandler.class);
 
@@ -46,39 +42,38 @@ public class GeocoderHandler extends ChannelInboundHandlerAdapter {
     }
 
     @Override
-    public void channelRead(final ChannelHandlerContext ctx, Object message) {
-        if (message instanceof Position && !ignorePositions) {
-            final Position position = (Position) message;
-            if (processInvalidPositions || position.getValid()) {
-                if (reuseDistance != 0) {
-                    Position lastPosition = cacheManager.getPosition(position.getDeviceId());
-                    if (lastPosition != null && lastPosition.getAddress() != null
-                            && position.getDouble(Position.KEY_DISTANCE) <= reuseDistance) {
-                        position.setAddress(lastPosition.getAddress());
-                        ctx.fireChannelRead(position);
-                        return;
-                    }
+    public void handlePosition(Position position, Callback callback) {
+        if (!ignorePositions) {
+            callback.processed(false);
+        }
+
+        if (processInvalidPositions || position.getValid()) {
+            if (reuseDistance != 0) {
+                Position lastPosition = cacheManager.getPosition(position.getDeviceId());
+                if (lastPosition != null && lastPosition.getAddress() != null
+                        && position.getDouble(Position.KEY_DISTANCE) <= reuseDistance) {
+                    position.setAddress(lastPosition.getAddress());
+                    callback.processed(false);
+                    return;
                 }
+            }
 
-                geocoder.getAddress(position.getLatitude(), position.getLongitude(),
-                        new Geocoder.ReverseGeocoderCallback() {
-                    @Override
-                    public void onSuccess(String address) {
-                        position.setAddress(address);
-                        ctx.fireChannelRead(position);
-                    }
+            geocoder.getAddress(position.getLatitude(), position.getLongitude(),
+                    new Geocoder.ReverseGeocoderCallback() {
+                @Override
+                public void onSuccess(String address) {
+                    position.setAddress(address);
+                    callback.processed(false);
+                }
 
-                    @Override
-                    public void onFailure(Throwable e) {
-                        LOGGER.warn("Geocoding failed", e);
-                        ctx.fireChannelRead(position);
-                    }
-                });
-            } else {
-                ctx.fireChannelRead(position);
-            }
+                @Override
+                public void onFailure(Throwable e) {
+                    LOGGER.warn("Geocoding failed", e);
+                    callback.processed(false);
+                }
+            });
         } else {
-            ctx.fireChannelRead(message);
+            callback.processed(false);
         }
     }
 
diff --git a/src/main/java/org/traccar/handler/GeofenceHandler.java b/src/main/java/org/traccar/handler/GeofenceHandler.java
index 68bc6dbf0..8b363057a 100644
--- a/src/main/java/org/traccar/handler/GeofenceHandler.java
+++ b/src/main/java/org/traccar/handler/GeofenceHandler.java
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright 2023 Anton Tananaev (anton@traccar.org)
+ * Copyright 2023 - 2024 Anton Tananaev (anton@traccar.org)
  *
  * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
  * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -15,20 +15,15 @@
  */
 package org.traccar.handler;
 
-import io.netty.channel.ChannelHandler;
-import org.traccar.BaseDataHandler;
+import jakarta.inject.Inject;
 import org.traccar.config.Config;
 import org.traccar.helper.model.GeofenceUtil;
 import org.traccar.model.Position;
 import org.traccar.session.cache.CacheManager;
 
-import jakarta.inject.Inject;
-import jakarta.inject.Singleton;
 import java.util.List;
 
-@Singleton
-@ChannelHandler.Sharable
-public class GeofenceHandler extends BaseDataHandler {
+public class GeofenceHandler extends BasePositionHandler {
 
     private final Config config;
     private final CacheManager cacheManager;
@@ -40,13 +35,13 @@ public class GeofenceHandler extends BaseDataHandler {
     }
 
     @Override
-    protected Position handlePosition(Position position) {
+    public void handlePosition(Position position, Callback callback) {
 
         List<Long> geofenceIds = GeofenceUtil.getCurrentGeofences(config, cacheManager, position);
         if (!geofenceIds.isEmpty()) {
             position.setGeofenceIds(geofenceIds);
         }
-        return position;
+        callback.processed(false);
     }
 
 }
diff --git a/src/main/java/org/traccar/handler/GeolocationHandler.java b/src/main/java/org/traccar/handler/GeolocationHandler.java
index a54ea03e3..c46bd3250 100644
--- a/src/main/java/org/traccar/handler/GeolocationHandler.java
+++ b/src/main/java/org/traccar/handler/GeolocationHandler.java
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright 2015 - 2023 Anton Tananaev (anton@traccar.org)
+ * Copyright 2015 - 2024 Anton Tananaev (anton@traccar.org)
  *
  * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
  * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -15,9 +15,6 @@
  */
 package org.traccar.handler;
 
-import io.netty.channel.ChannelHandler;
-import io.netty.channel.ChannelHandlerContext;
-import io.netty.channel.ChannelInboundHandlerAdapter;
 import org.slf4j.Logger;
 import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
 import org.traccar.config.Config;
@@ -27,8 +24,7 @@ import org.traccar.geolocation.GeolocationProvider;
 import org.traccar.model.Position;
 import org.traccar.session.cache.CacheManager;
 
-@ChannelHandler.Sharable
-public class GeolocationHandler extends ChannelInboundHandlerAdapter {
+public class GeolocationHandler extends BasePositionHandler {
 
     private static final Logger LOGGER = LoggerFactory.getLogger(GeolocationHandler.class);
 
@@ -51,46 +47,41 @@ public class GeolocationHandler extends ChannelInboundHandlerAdapter {
     }
 
     @Override
-    public void channelRead(final ChannelHandlerContext ctx, Object message) {
-        if (message instanceof Position) {
-            final Position position = (Position) message;
-            if ((position.getOutdated() || processInvalidPositions && !position.getValid())
-                    && position.getNetwork() != null
-                    && (!requireWifi || position.getNetwork().getWifiAccessPoints() != null)) {
-                if (reuse) {
-                    Position lastPosition = cacheManager.getPosition(position.getDeviceId());
-                    if (lastPosition != null && position.getNetwork().equals(lastPosition.getNetwork())) {
-                        updatePosition(
-                                position, lastPosition.getLatitude(), lastPosition.getLongitude(),
-                                lastPosition.getAccuracy());
-                        ctx.fireChannelRead(position);
-                        return;
-                    }
+    public void handlePosition(Position position, Callback callback) {
+        if ((position.getOutdated() || processInvalidPositions && !position.getValid())
+                && position.getNetwork() != null
+                && (!requireWifi || position.getNetwork().getWifiAccessPoints() != null)) {
+            if (reuse) {
+                Position lastPosition = cacheManager.getPosition(position.getDeviceId());
+                if (lastPosition != null && position.getNetwork().equals(lastPosition.getNetwork())) {
+                    updatePosition(
+                            position, lastPosition.getLatitude(), lastPosition.getLongitude(),
+                            lastPosition.getAccuracy());
+                    callback.processed(false);
+                    return;
                 }
+            }
 
-                if (statisticsManager != null) {
-                    statisticsManager.registerGeolocationRequest();
-                }
+            if (statisticsManager != null) {
+                statisticsManager.registerGeolocationRequest();
+            }
 
-                geolocationProvider.getLocation(position.getNetwork(),
-                        new GeolocationProvider.LocationProviderCallback() {
-                    @Override
-                    public void onSuccess(double latitude, double longitude, double accuracy) {
-                        updatePosition(position, latitude, longitude, accuracy);
-                        ctx.fireChannelRead(position);
-                    }
+            geolocationProvider.getLocation(position.getNetwork(),
+                    new GeolocationProvider.LocationProviderCallback() {
+                @Override
+                public void onSuccess(double latitude, double longitude, double accuracy) {
+                    updatePosition(position, latitude, longitude, accuracy);
+                    callback.processed(false);
+                }
 
-                    @Override
-                    public void onFailure(Throwable e) {
-                        LOGGER.warn("Geolocation network error", e);
-                        ctx.fireChannelRead(position);
-                    }
-                });
-            } else {
-                ctx.fireChannelRead(position);
-            }
+                @Override
+                public void onFailure(Throwable e) {
+                    LOGGER.warn("Geolocation network error", e);
+                    callback.processed(false);
+                }
+            });
         } else {
-            ctx.fireChannelRead(message);
+            callback.processed(false);
         }
     }
 
diff --git a/src/main/java/org/traccar/handler/HemisphereHandler.java b/src/main/java/org/traccar/handler/HemisphereHandler.java
index 294e449db..48929538f 100644
--- a/src/main/java/org/traccar/handler/HemisphereHandler.java
+++ b/src/main/java/org/traccar/handler/HemisphereHandler.java
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright 2016 - 2022 Anton Tananaev (anton@traccar.org)
+ * Copyright 2016 - 2024 Anton Tananaev (anton@traccar.org)
  *
  * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
  * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -15,18 +15,12 @@
  */
 package org.traccar.handler;
 
-import io.netty.channel.ChannelHandler;
-import org.traccar.BaseDataHandler;
+import jakarta.inject.Inject;
 import org.traccar.config.Config;
 import org.traccar.config.Keys;
 import org.traccar.model.Position;
 
-import jakarta.inject.Inject;
-import jakarta.inject.Singleton;
-
-@Singleton
-@ChannelHandler.Sharable
-public class HemisphereHandler extends BaseDataHandler {
+public class HemisphereHandler extends BasePositionHandler {
 
     private int latitudeFactor;
     private int longitudeFactor;
@@ -52,14 +46,14 @@ public class HemisphereHandler extends BaseDataHandler {
     }
 
     @Override
-    protected Position handlePosition(Position position) {
+    public void handlePosition(Position position, Callback callback) {
         if (latitudeFactor != 0) {
             position.setLatitude(Math.abs(position.getLatitude()) * latitudeFactor);
         }
         if (longitudeFactor != 0) {
             position.setLongitude(Math.abs(position.getLongitude()) * longitudeFactor);
         }
-        return position;
+        callback.processed(false);
     }
 
 }
diff --git a/src/main/java/org/traccar/handler/MotionHandler.java b/src/main/java/org/traccar/handler/MotionHandler.java
index 68a31a16a..804ffdc25 100644
--- a/src/main/java/org/traccar/handler/MotionHandler.java
+++ b/src/main/java/org/traccar/handler/MotionHandler.java
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright 2017 - 2023 Anton Tananaev (anton@traccar.org)
+ * Copyright 2017 - 2024 Anton Tananaev (anton@traccar.org)
  * Copyright 2017 Andrey Kunitsyn (andrey@traccar.org)
  *
  * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
@@ -16,19 +16,13 @@
  */
 package org.traccar.handler;
 
-import io.netty.channel.ChannelHandler;
-import org.traccar.BaseDataHandler;
+import jakarta.inject.Inject;
 import org.traccar.config.Keys;
 import org.traccar.helper.model.AttributeUtil;
 import org.traccar.model.Position;
 import org.traccar.session.cache.CacheManager;
 
-import jakarta.inject.Inject;
-import jakarta.inject.Singleton;
-
-@Singleton
-@ChannelHandler.Sharable
-public class MotionHandler extends BaseDataHandler {
+public class MotionHandler extends BasePositionHandler {
 
     private final CacheManager cacheManager;
 
@@ -38,13 +32,13 @@ public class MotionHandler extends BaseDataHandler {
     }
 
     @Override
-    protected Position handlePosition(Position position) {
+    public void handlePosition(Position position, Callback callback) {
         if (!position.hasAttribute(Position.KEY_MOTION)) {
             double threshold = AttributeUtil.lookup(
                     cacheManager, Keys.EVENT_MOTION_SPEED_THRESHOLD, position.getDeviceId());
             position.set(Position.KEY_MOTION, position.getSpeed() > threshold);
         }
-        return position;
+        callback.processed(false);
     }
 
 }
diff --git a/src/main/java/org/traccar/handler/OutdatedHandler.java b/src/main/java/org/traccar/handler/OutdatedHandler.java
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..536440f66
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/main/java/org/traccar/handler/OutdatedHandler.java
@@ -0,0 +1,56 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright 2024 Anton Tananaev (anton@traccar.org)
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+package org.traccar.handler;
+
+import jakarta.inject.Inject;
+import org.traccar.model.Position;
+import org.traccar.session.cache.CacheManager;
+
+import java.util.Date;
+
+public class OutdatedHandler extends BasePositionHandler {
+
+    private final CacheManager cacheManager;
+
+    @Inject
+    public OutdatedHandler(CacheManager cacheManager) {
+        this.cacheManager = cacheManager;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void handlePosition(Position position, Callback callback) {
+        if (position.getOutdated()) {
+            Position last = cacheManager.getPosition(position.getDeviceId());
+            if (last != null) {
+                position.setFixTime(last.getFixTime());
+                position.setValid(last.getValid());
+                position.setLatitude(last.getLatitude());
+                position.setLongitude(last.getLongitude());
+                position.setAltitude(last.getAltitude());
+                position.setSpeed(last.getSpeed());
+                position.setCourse(last.getCourse());
+                position.setAccuracy(last.getAccuracy());
+            } else {
+                position.setFixTime(new Date(315964819000L)); // gps epoch 1980-01-06
+            }
+            if (position.getDeviceTime() == null) {
+                position.setDeviceTime(position.getServerTime());
+            }
+        }
+        callback.processed(false);
+    }
+
+}
diff --git a/src/main/java/org/traccar/PositionForwardingHandler.java b/src/main/java/org/traccar/handler/PositionForwardingHandler.java
index a79b01367..8512d4552 100644
--- a/src/main/java/org/traccar/PositionForwardingHandler.java
+++ b/src/main/java/org/traccar/handler/PositionForwardingHandler.java
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright 2015 - 2022 Anton Tananaev (anton@traccar.org)
+ * Copyright 2015 - 2024 Anton Tananaev (anton@traccar.org)
  *
  * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
  * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -13,12 +13,13 @@
  * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
  * limitations under the License.
  */
-package org.traccar;
+package org.traccar.handler;
 
-import io.netty.channel.ChannelHandler;
 import io.netty.util.Timeout;
 import io.netty.util.Timer;
 import io.netty.util.TimerTask;
+import jakarta.annotation.Nullable;
+import jakarta.inject.Inject;
 import org.slf4j.Logger;
 import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
 import org.traccar.config.Config;
@@ -30,15 +31,10 @@ import org.traccar.model.Device;
 import org.traccar.model.Position;
 import org.traccar.session.cache.CacheManager;
 
-import jakarta.annotation.Nullable;
-import jakarta.inject.Inject;
-import jakarta.inject.Singleton;
 import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;
 import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicInteger;
 
-@Singleton
-@ChannelHandler.Sharable
-public class PositionForwardingHandler extends BaseDataHandler {
+public class PositionForwardingHandler extends BasePositionHandler {
 
     private static final Logger LOGGER = LoggerFactory.getLogger(PositionForwardingHandler.class);
 
@@ -128,14 +124,14 @@ public class PositionForwardingHandler extends BaseDataHandler {
     }
 
     @Override
-    protected Position handlePosition(Position position) {
+    public void handlePosition(Position position, Callback callback) {
         if (positionForwarder != null) {
             PositionData positionData = new PositionData();
             positionData.setPosition(position);
             positionData.setDevice(cacheManager.getObject(Device.class, position.getDeviceId()));
             new AsyncRequestAndCallback(positionData).send();
         }
-        return position;
+        callback.processed(false);
     }
 
 }
diff --git a/src/main/java/org/traccar/handler/PostProcessHandler.java b/src/main/java/org/traccar/handler/PostProcessHandler.java
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..5b1b2ef86
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/main/java/org/traccar/handler/PostProcessHandler.java
@@ -0,0 +1,67 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright 2024 Anton Tananaev (anton@traccar.org)
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+package org.traccar.handler;
+
+import jakarta.inject.Inject;
+import org.slf4j.Logger;
+import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
+import org.traccar.helper.model.PositionUtil;
+import org.traccar.model.Device;
+import org.traccar.model.Position;
+import org.traccar.session.ConnectionManager;
+import org.traccar.session.cache.CacheManager;
+import org.traccar.storage.Storage;
+import org.traccar.storage.StorageException;
+import org.traccar.storage.query.Columns;
+import org.traccar.storage.query.Condition;
+import org.traccar.storage.query.Request;
+
+public class PostProcessHandler extends BasePositionHandler {
+
+    private static final Logger LOGGER = LoggerFactory.getLogger(PostProcessHandler.class);
+
+    private final CacheManager cacheManager;
+    private final Storage storage;
+    private final ConnectionManager connectionManager;
+
+    @Inject
+    public PostProcessHandler(CacheManager cacheManager, Storage storage, ConnectionManager connectionManager) {
+        this.cacheManager = cacheManager;
+        this.storage = storage;
+        this.connectionManager = connectionManager;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void handlePosition(Position position, Callback callback) {
+        try {
+            if (PositionUtil.isLatest(cacheManager, position)) {
+                Device updatedDevice = new Device();
+                updatedDevice.setId(position.getDeviceId());
+                updatedDevice.setPositionId(position.getId());
+                storage.updateObject(updatedDevice, new Request(
+                        new Columns.Include("positionId"),
+                        new Condition.Equals("id", updatedDevice.getId())));
+
+                cacheManager.updatePosition(position);
+                connectionManager.updatePosition(true, position);
+            }
+        } catch (StorageException error) {
+            LOGGER.warn("Failed to update device", error);
+        }
+        callback.processed(false);
+    }
+
+}
diff --git a/src/main/java/org/traccar/handler/SpeedLimitHandler.java b/src/main/java/org/traccar/handler/SpeedLimitHandler.java
index 6edb6e912..4c0922d01 100644
--- a/src/main/java/org/traccar/handler/SpeedLimitHandler.java
+++ b/src/main/java/org/traccar/handler/SpeedLimitHandler.java
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright 2020 - 2022 Anton Tananaev (anton@traccar.org)
+ * Copyright 2020 - 2024 Anton Tananaev (anton@traccar.org)
  *
  * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
  * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -15,20 +15,13 @@
  */
 package org.traccar.handler;
 
-import io.netty.channel.ChannelHandler;
-import io.netty.channel.ChannelHandlerContext;
-import io.netty.channel.ChannelInboundHandlerAdapter;
+import jakarta.inject.Inject;
 import org.slf4j.Logger;
 import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
 import org.traccar.model.Position;
 import org.traccar.speedlimit.SpeedLimitProvider;
 
-import jakarta.inject.Inject;
-import jakarta.inject.Singleton;
-
-@Singleton
-@ChannelHandler.Sharable
-public class SpeedLimitHandler extends ChannelInboundHandlerAdapter {
+public class SpeedLimitHandler extends BasePositionHandler {
 
     private static final Logger LOGGER = LoggerFactory.getLogger(SpeedLimitHandler.class);
 
@@ -40,26 +33,22 @@ public class SpeedLimitHandler extends ChannelInboundHandlerAdapter {
     }
 
     @Override
-    public void channelRead(final ChannelHandlerContext ctx, Object message) {
-        if (message instanceof Position) {
-            final Position position = (Position) message;
-            speedLimitProvider.getSpeedLimit(position.getLatitude(), position.getLongitude(),
-                    new SpeedLimitProvider.SpeedLimitProviderCallback() {
-                @Override
-                public void onSuccess(double speedLimit) {
-                    position.set(Position.KEY_SPEED_LIMIT, speedLimit);
-                    ctx.fireChannelRead(position);
-                }
-
-                @Override
-                public void onFailure(Throwable e) {
-                    LOGGER.warn("Speed limit provider failed", e);
-                    ctx.fireChannelRead(position);
-                }
-            });
-        } else {
-            ctx.fireChannelRead(message);
-        }
+    public void handlePosition(Position position, Callback callback) {
+
+        speedLimitProvider.getSpeedLimit(position.getLatitude(), position.getLongitude(),
+                new SpeedLimitProvider.SpeedLimitProviderCallback() {
+            @Override
+            public void onSuccess(double speedLimit) {
+                position.set(Position.KEY_SPEED_LIMIT, speedLimit);
+                callback.processed(false);
+            }
+
+            @Override
+            public void onFailure(Throwable e) {
+                LOGGER.warn("Speed limit provider failed", e);
+                callback.processed(false);
+            }
+        });
     }
 
 }
diff --git a/src/main/java/org/traccar/handler/TimeHandler.java b/src/main/java/org/traccar/handler/TimeHandler.java
index 3c3e17450..f6c67bb76 100644
--- a/src/main/java/org/traccar/handler/TimeHandler.java
+++ b/src/main/java/org/traccar/handler/TimeHandler.java
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright 2019 - 2022 Anton Tananaev (anton@traccar.org)
+ * Copyright 2019 - 2024 Anton Tananaev (anton@traccar.org)
  *
  * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
  * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -15,36 +15,23 @@
  */
 package org.traccar.handler;
 
-import io.netty.channel.ChannelHandler;
-import io.netty.channel.ChannelHandlerContext;
-import io.netty.channel.ChannelInboundHandlerAdapter;
-import org.traccar.BaseProtocolDecoder;
+import jakarta.inject.Inject;
 import org.traccar.config.Config;
 import org.traccar.config.Keys;
 import org.traccar.model.Position;
 
-import jakarta.inject.Inject;
-import jakarta.inject.Singleton;
 import java.util.Arrays;
 import java.util.HashSet;
 import java.util.Set;
 
-@Singleton
-@ChannelHandler.Sharable
-public class TimeHandler extends ChannelInboundHandlerAdapter {
+public class TimeHandler extends BasePositionHandler {
 
-    private final boolean enabled;
     private final boolean useServerTime;
     private final Set<String> protocols;
 
     @Inject
     public TimeHandler(Config config) {
-        enabled = config.hasKey(Keys.TIME_OVERRIDE);
-        if (enabled) {
-            useServerTime = config.getString(Keys.TIME_OVERRIDE).equalsIgnoreCase("serverTime");
-        } else {
-            useServerTime = false;
-        }
+        useServerTime = config.getString(Keys.TIME_OVERRIDE).equalsIgnoreCase("serverTime");
         String protocolList = config.getString(Keys.TIME_PROTOCOLS);
         if (protocolList != null) {
             protocols = new HashSet<>(Arrays.asList(protocolList.split("[, ]")));
@@ -54,21 +41,17 @@ public class TimeHandler extends ChannelInboundHandlerAdapter {
     }
 
     @Override
-    public void channelRead(ChannelHandlerContext ctx, Object msg) {
-
-        if (enabled && msg instanceof Position && (protocols == null
-                || protocols.contains(ctx.pipeline().get(BaseProtocolDecoder.class).getProtocolName()))) {
+    public void handlePosition(Position position, Callback callback) {
 
-            Position position = (Position) msg;
+        if (protocols == null || protocols.contains(position.getProtocol())) {
             if (useServerTime) {
                 position.setDeviceTime(position.getServerTime());
                 position.setFixTime(position.getServerTime());
             } else {
                 position.setFixTime(position.getDeviceTime());
             }
-
         }
-        ctx.fireChannelRead(msg);
+        callback.processed(false);
     }
 
 }
diff --git a/src/main/java/org/traccar/handler/events/AlertEventHandler.java b/src/main/java/org/traccar/handler/events/AlertEventHandler.java
index 531a0f957..ca580b60d 100644
--- a/src/main/java/org/traccar/handler/events/AlertEventHandler.java
+++ b/src/main/java/org/traccar/handler/events/AlertEventHandler.java
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright 2016 - 2022 Anton Tananaev (anton@traccar.org)
+ * Copyright 2016 - 2024 Anton Tananaev (anton@traccar.org)
  *
  * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
  * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -15,21 +15,13 @@
  */
 package org.traccar.handler.events;
 
-import java.util.Collections;
-import java.util.Map;
-
-import io.netty.channel.ChannelHandler;
+import jakarta.inject.Inject;
 import org.traccar.config.Config;
 import org.traccar.config.Keys;
 import org.traccar.model.Event;
 import org.traccar.model.Position;
 import org.traccar.session.cache.CacheManager;
 
-import jakarta.inject.Inject;
-import jakarta.inject.Singleton;
-
-@Singleton
-@ChannelHandler.Sharable
 public class AlertEventHandler extends BaseEventHandler {
 
     private final CacheManager cacheManager;
@@ -42,7 +34,7 @@ public class AlertEventHandler extends BaseEventHandler {
     }
 
     @Override
-    protected Map<Event, Position> analyzePosition(Position position) {
+    public void analyzePosition(Position position, Callback callback) {
         Object alarm = position.getAttributes().get(Position.KEY_ALARM);
         if (alarm != null) {
             boolean ignoreAlert = false;
@@ -55,10 +47,9 @@ public class AlertEventHandler extends BaseEventHandler {
             if (!ignoreAlert) {
                 Event event = new Event(Event.TYPE_ALARM, position);
                 event.set(Position.KEY_ALARM, (String) alarm);
-                return Collections.singletonMap(event, position);
+                callback.eventDetected(event);
             }
         }
-        return null;
     }
 
 }
diff --git a/src/main/java/org/traccar/handler/events/BaseEventHandler.java b/src/main/java/org/traccar/handler/events/BaseEventHandler.java
index 4a4fb40ff..009c83145 100644
--- a/src/main/java/org/traccar/handler/events/BaseEventHandler.java
+++ b/src/main/java/org/traccar/handler/events/BaseEventHandler.java
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright 2016 - 2022 Anton Tananaev (anton@traccar.org)
+ * Copyright 2016 - 2024 Anton Tananaev (anton@traccar.org)
  *
  * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
  * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -15,33 +15,17 @@
  */
 package org.traccar.handler.events;
 
-import java.util.Map;
-
-import org.traccar.BaseDataHandler;
-import org.traccar.database.NotificationManager;
 import org.traccar.model.Event;
 import org.traccar.model.Position;
 
-import jakarta.inject.Inject;
-
-public abstract class BaseEventHandler extends BaseDataHandler {
-
-    private NotificationManager notificationManager;
+public abstract class BaseEventHandler {
 
-    @Inject
-    public void setNotificationManager(NotificationManager notificationManager) {
-        this.notificationManager = notificationManager;
+    public interface Callback {
+        void eventDetected(Event event);
     }
 
-    @Override
-    protected Position handlePosition(Position position) {
-        Map<Event, Position> events = analyzePosition(position);
-        if (events != null && !events.isEmpty()) {
-            notificationManager.updateEvents(events);
-        }
-        return position;
-    }
-
-    protected abstract Map<Event, Position> analyzePosition(Position position);
-
+    /**
+     * Event handlers should be processed synchronously.
+     */
+    public abstract void analyzePosition(Position position, Callback callback);
 }
diff --git a/src/main/java/org/traccar/handler/events/BehaviorEventHandler.java b/src/main/java/org/traccar/handler/events/BehaviorEventHandler.java
index 08ae35fcd..d654e18ce 100644
--- a/src/main/java/org/traccar/handler/events/BehaviorEventHandler.java
+++ b/src/main/java/org/traccar/handler/events/BehaviorEventHandler.java
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright 2021 - 2022 Anton Tananaev (anton@traccar.org)
+ * Copyright 2021 - 2024 Anton Tananaev (anton@traccar.org)
  *
  * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
  * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@
  */
 package org.traccar.handler.events;
 
-import io.netty.channel.ChannelHandler;
+import jakarta.inject.Inject;
 import org.traccar.config.Config;
 import org.traccar.config.Keys;
 import org.traccar.helper.UnitsConverter;
@@ -23,13 +23,6 @@ import org.traccar.model.Event;
 import org.traccar.model.Position;
 import org.traccar.session.cache.CacheManager;
 
-import jakarta.inject.Inject;
-import jakarta.inject.Singleton;
-import java.util.Collections;
-import java.util.Map;
-
-@Singleton
-@ChannelHandler.Sharable
 public class BehaviorEventHandler extends BaseEventHandler {
 
     private final double accelerationThreshold;
@@ -45,7 +38,7 @@ public class BehaviorEventHandler extends BaseEventHandler {
     }
 
     @Override
-    protected Map<Event, Position> analyzePosition(Position position) {
+    public void analyzePosition(Position position, Callback callback) {
 
         Position lastPosition = cacheManager.getPosition(position.getDeviceId());
         if (lastPosition != null && position.getFixTime().equals(lastPosition.getFixTime())) {
@@ -54,14 +47,13 @@ public class BehaviorEventHandler extends BaseEventHandler {
             if (accelerationThreshold != 0 && acceleration >= accelerationThreshold) {
                 Event event = new Event(Event.TYPE_ALARM, position);
                 event.set(Position.KEY_ALARM, Position.ALARM_ACCELERATION);
-                return Collections.singletonMap(event, position);
+                callback.eventDetected(event);
             } else if (brakingThreshold != 0 && acceleration <= -brakingThreshold) {
                 Event event = new Event(Event.TYPE_ALARM, position);
                 event.set(Position.KEY_ALARM, Position.ALARM_BRAKING);
-                return Collections.singletonMap(event, position);
+                callback.eventDetected(event);
             }
         }
-        return null;
     }
 
 }
diff --git a/src/main/java/org/traccar/handler/events/CommandResultEventHandler.java b/src/main/java/org/traccar/handler/events/CommandResultEventHandler.java
index b70f8f33b..b98807b23 100644
--- a/src/main/java/org/traccar/handler/events/CommandResultEventHandler.java
+++ b/src/main/java/org/traccar/handler/events/CommandResultEventHandler.java
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright 2016 - 2022 Anton Tananaev (anton@traccar.org)
+ * Copyright 2016 - 2024 Anton Tananaev (anton@traccar.org)
  *
  * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
  * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -15,18 +15,10 @@
  */
 package org.traccar.handler.events;
 
-import java.util.Collections;
-import java.util.Map;
-
-import io.netty.channel.ChannelHandler;
+import jakarta.inject.Inject;
 import org.traccar.model.Event;
 import org.traccar.model.Position;
 
-import jakarta.inject.Inject;
-import jakarta.inject.Singleton;
-
-@Singleton
-@ChannelHandler.Sharable
 public class CommandResultEventHandler extends BaseEventHandler {
 
     @Inject
@@ -34,14 +26,13 @@ public class CommandResultEventHandler extends BaseEventHandler {
     }
 
     @Override
-    protected Map<Event, Position> analyzePosition(Position position) {
+    public void analyzePosition(Position position, Callback callback) {
         Object commandResult = position.getAttributes().get(Position.KEY_RESULT);
         if (commandResult != null) {
             Event event = new Event(Event.TYPE_COMMAND_RESULT, position);
             event.set(Position.KEY_RESULT, (String) commandResult);
-            return Collections.singletonMap(event, position);
+            callback.eventDetected(event);
         }
-        return null;
     }
 
 }
diff --git a/src/main/java/org/traccar/handler/events/DriverEventHandler.java b/src/main/java/org/traccar/handler/events/DriverEventHandler.java
index b68327983..31f8d2b4b 100644
--- a/src/main/java/org/traccar/handler/events/DriverEventHandler.java
+++ b/src/main/java/org/traccar/handler/events/DriverEventHandler.java
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright 2017 - 2022 Anton Tananaev (anton@traccar.org)
+ * Copyright 2017 - 2024 Anton Tananaev (anton@traccar.org)
  * Copyright 2017 Andrey Kunitsyn (andrey@traccar.org)
  *
  * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
@@ -16,19 +16,12 @@
  */
 package org.traccar.handler.events;
 
-import io.netty.channel.ChannelHandler;
+import jakarta.inject.Inject;
 import org.traccar.helper.model.PositionUtil;
 import org.traccar.model.Event;
 import org.traccar.model.Position;
 import org.traccar.session.cache.CacheManager;
 
-import jakarta.inject.Inject;
-import jakarta.inject.Singleton;
-import java.util.Collections;
-import java.util.Map;
-
-@Singleton
-@ChannelHandler.Sharable
 public class DriverEventHandler extends BaseEventHandler {
 
     private final CacheManager cacheManager;
@@ -39,9 +32,9 @@ public class DriverEventHandler extends BaseEventHandler {
     }
 
     @Override
-    protected Map<Event, Position> analyzePosition(Position position) {
+    public void analyzePosition(Position position, Callback callback) {
         if (!PositionUtil.isLatest(cacheManager, position)) {
-            return null;
+            return;
         }
         String driverUniqueId = position.getString(Position.KEY_DRIVER_UNIQUE_ID);
         if (driverUniqueId != null) {
@@ -53,10 +46,9 @@ public class DriverEventHandler extends BaseEventHandler {
             if (!driverUniqueId.equals(oldDriverUniqueId)) {
                 Event event = new Event(Event.TYPE_DRIVER_CHANGED, position);
                 event.set(Position.KEY_DRIVER_UNIQUE_ID, driverUniqueId);
-                return Collections.singletonMap(event, position);
+                callback.eventDetected(event);
             }
         }
-        return null;
     }
 
 }
diff --git a/src/main/java/org/traccar/handler/events/FuelEventHandler.java b/src/main/java/org/traccar/handler/events/FuelEventHandler.java
index e5085ecc2..c5675f51d 100644
--- a/src/main/java/org/traccar/handler/events/FuelEventHandler.java
+++ b/src/main/java/org/traccar/handler/events/FuelEventHandler.java
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright 2017 - 2023 Anton Tananaev (anton@traccar.org)
+ * Copyright 2017 - 2024 Anton Tananaev (anton@traccar.org)
  *
  * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
  * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@
  */
 package org.traccar.handler.events;
 
-import io.netty.channel.ChannelHandler;
+import jakarta.inject.Inject;
 import org.traccar.config.Keys;
 import org.traccar.helper.model.AttributeUtil;
 import org.traccar.helper.model.PositionUtil;
@@ -24,12 +24,6 @@ import org.traccar.model.Event;
 import org.traccar.model.Position;
 import org.traccar.session.cache.CacheManager;
 
-import jakarta.inject.Inject;
-import jakarta.inject.Singleton;
-import java.util.Map;
-
-@Singleton
-@ChannelHandler.Sharable
 public class FuelEventHandler extends BaseEventHandler {
 
     private final CacheManager cacheManager;
@@ -40,14 +34,14 @@ public class FuelEventHandler extends BaseEventHandler {
     }
 
     @Override
-    protected Map<Event, Position> analyzePosition(Position position) {
+    public void analyzePosition(Position position, Callback callback) {
 
         Device device = cacheManager.getObject(Device.class, position.getDeviceId());
         if (device == null) {
-            return null;
+            return;
         }
         if (!PositionUtil.isLatest(cacheManager, position)) {
-            return null;
+            return;
         }
 
         if (position.hasAttribute(Position.KEY_FUEL_LEVEL)) {
@@ -61,19 +55,17 @@ public class FuelEventHandler extends BaseEventHandler {
                     double threshold = AttributeUtil.lookup(
                             cacheManager, Keys.EVENT_FUEL_INCREASE_THRESHOLD, position.getDeviceId());
                     if (threshold > 0 && change >= threshold) {
-                        return Map.of(new Event(Event.TYPE_DEVICE_FUEL_INCREASE, position), position);
+                        callback.eventDetected(new Event(Event.TYPE_DEVICE_FUEL_INCREASE, position));
                     }
                 } else if (change < 0) {
                     double threshold = AttributeUtil.lookup(
                             cacheManager, Keys.EVENT_FUEL_DROP_THRESHOLD, position.getDeviceId());
                     if (threshold > 0 && Math.abs(change) >= threshold) {
-                        return Map.of(new Event(Event.TYPE_DEVICE_FUEL_DROP, position), position);
+                        callback.eventDetected(new Event(Event.TYPE_DEVICE_FUEL_DROP, position));
                     }
                 }
             }
         }
-
-        return null;
     }
 
 }
diff --git a/src/main/java/org/traccar/handler/events/GeofenceEventHandler.java b/src/main/java/org/traccar/handler/events/GeofenceEventHandler.java
index dbe2b8118..c8ecfb1ed 100644
--- a/src/main/java/org/traccar/handler/events/GeofenceEventHandler.java
+++ b/src/main/java/org/traccar/handler/events/GeofenceEventHandler.java
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright 2016 - 2023 Anton Tananaev (anton@traccar.org)
+ * Copyright 2016 - 2024 Anton Tananaev (anton@traccar.org)
  *
  * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
  * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@
  */
 package org.traccar.handler.events;
 
-import io.netty.channel.ChannelHandler;
+import jakarta.inject.Inject;
 import org.traccar.helper.model.PositionUtil;
 import org.traccar.model.Calendar;
 import org.traccar.model.Event;
@@ -23,15 +23,9 @@ import org.traccar.model.Geofence;
 import org.traccar.model.Position;
 import org.traccar.session.cache.CacheManager;
 
-import jakarta.inject.Inject;
-import jakarta.inject.Singleton;
 import java.util.ArrayList;
-import java.util.HashMap;
 import java.util.List;
-import java.util.Map;
 
-@Singleton
-@ChannelHandler.Sharable
 public class GeofenceEventHandler extends BaseEventHandler {
 
     private final CacheManager cacheManager;
@@ -42,9 +36,9 @@ public class GeofenceEventHandler extends BaseEventHandler {
     }
 
     @Override
-    protected Map<Event, Position> analyzePosition(Position position) {
+    public void analyzePosition(Position position, Callback callback) {
         if (!PositionUtil.isLatest(cacheManager, position)) {
-            return null;
+            return;
         }
 
         List<Long> oldGeofences = new ArrayList<>();
@@ -60,7 +54,6 @@ public class GeofenceEventHandler extends BaseEventHandler {
             oldGeofences.removeAll(position.getGeofenceIds());
         }
 
-        Map<Event, Position> events = new HashMap<>();
         for (long geofenceId : oldGeofences) {
             Geofence geofence = cacheManager.getObject(Geofence.class, geofenceId);
             if (geofence != null) {
@@ -69,7 +62,7 @@ public class GeofenceEventHandler extends BaseEventHandler {
                 if (calendar == null || calendar.checkMoment(position.getFixTime())) {
                     Event event = new Event(Event.TYPE_GEOFENCE_EXIT, position);
                     event.setGeofenceId(geofenceId);
-                    events.put(event, position);
+                    callback.eventDetected(event);
                 }
             }
         }
@@ -79,10 +72,8 @@ public class GeofenceEventHandler extends BaseEventHandler {
             if (calendar == null || calendar.checkMoment(position.getFixTime())) {
                 Event event = new Event(Event.TYPE_GEOFENCE_ENTER, position);
                 event.setGeofenceId(geofenceId);
-                events.put(event, position);
+                callback.eventDetected(event);
             }
         }
-        return events;
     }
-
 }
diff --git a/src/main/java/org/traccar/handler/events/IgnitionEventHandler.java b/src/main/java/org/traccar/handler/events/IgnitionEventHandler.java
index ba4159a42..bbf9fadd1 100644
--- a/src/main/java/org/traccar/handler/events/IgnitionEventHandler.java
+++ b/src/main/java/org/traccar/handler/events/IgnitionEventHandler.java
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright 2016 - 2022 Anton Tananaev (anton@traccar.org)
+ * Copyright 2016 - 2024 Anton Tananaev (anton@traccar.org)
  * Copyright 2016 Andrey Kunitsyn (andrey@traccar.org)
  *
  * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
@@ -16,21 +16,13 @@
  */
 package org.traccar.handler.events;
 
-import java.util.Collections;
-import java.util.Map;
-
-import io.netty.channel.ChannelHandler;
+import jakarta.inject.Inject;
 import org.traccar.helper.model.PositionUtil;
 import org.traccar.model.Device;
 import org.traccar.model.Event;
 import org.traccar.model.Position;
 import org.traccar.session.cache.CacheManager;
 
-import jakarta.inject.Inject;
-import jakarta.inject.Singleton;
-
-@Singleton
-@ChannelHandler.Sharable
 public class IgnitionEventHandler extends BaseEventHandler {
 
     private final CacheManager cacheManager;
@@ -41,14 +33,12 @@ public class IgnitionEventHandler extends BaseEventHandler {
     }
 
     @Override
-    protected Map<Event, Position> analyzePosition(Position position) {
+    public void analyzePosition(Position position, Callback callback) {
         Device device = cacheManager.getObject(Device.class, position.getDeviceId());
         if (device == null || !PositionUtil.isLatest(cacheManager, position)) {
-            return null;
+            return;
         }
 
-        Map<Event, Position> result = null;
-
         if (position.hasAttribute(Position.KEY_IGNITION)) {
             boolean ignition = position.getBoolean(Position.KEY_IGNITION);
 
@@ -57,15 +47,12 @@ public class IgnitionEventHandler extends BaseEventHandler {
                 boolean oldIgnition = lastPosition.getBoolean(Position.KEY_IGNITION);
 
                 if (ignition && !oldIgnition) {
-                    result = Collections.singletonMap(
-                            new Event(Event.TYPE_IGNITION_ON, position), position);
+                    callback.eventDetected(new Event(Event.TYPE_IGNITION_ON, position));
                 } else if (!ignition && oldIgnition) {
-                    result = Collections.singletonMap(
-                            new Event(Event.TYPE_IGNITION_OFF, position), position);
+                    callback.eventDetected(new Event(Event.TYPE_IGNITION_OFF, position));
                 }
             }
         }
-        return result;
     }
 
 }
diff --git a/src/main/java/org/traccar/handler/events/MaintenanceEventHandler.java b/src/main/java/org/traccar/handler/events/MaintenanceEventHandler.java
index 2fa2e8869..573ad4ad6 100644
--- a/src/main/java/org/traccar/handler/events/MaintenanceEventHandler.java
+++ b/src/main/java/org/traccar/handler/events/MaintenanceEventHandler.java
@@ -16,20 +16,12 @@
  */
 package org.traccar.handler.events;
 
-import java.util.HashMap;
-import java.util.Map;
-
-import io.netty.channel.ChannelHandler;
+import jakarta.inject.Inject;
 import org.traccar.model.Event;
 import org.traccar.model.Maintenance;
 import org.traccar.model.Position;
 import org.traccar.session.cache.CacheManager;
 
-import jakarta.inject.Inject;
-import jakarta.inject.Singleton;
-
-@Singleton
-@ChannelHandler.Sharable
 public class MaintenanceEventHandler extends BaseEventHandler {
 
     private final CacheManager cacheManager;
@@ -40,13 +32,12 @@ public class MaintenanceEventHandler extends BaseEventHandler {
     }
 
     @Override
-    protected Map<Event, Position> analyzePosition(Position position) {
+    public void analyzePosition(Position position, Callback callback) {
         Position lastPosition = cacheManager.getPosition(position.getDeviceId());
         if (lastPosition == null || position.getFixTime().compareTo(lastPosition.getFixTime()) < 0) {
-            return null;
+            return;
         }
 
-        Map<Event, Position> events = new HashMap<>();
         for (Maintenance maintenance : cacheManager.getDeviceObjects(position.getDeviceId(), Maintenance.class)) {
             if (maintenance.getPeriod() != 0) {
                 double oldValue = getValue(lastPosition, maintenance.getType());
@@ -58,13 +49,11 @@ public class MaintenanceEventHandler extends BaseEventHandler {
                         Event event = new Event(Event.TYPE_MAINTENANCE, position);
                         event.setMaintenanceId(maintenance.getId());
                         event.set(maintenance.getType(), newValue);
-                        events.put(event, position);
+                        callback.eventDetected(event);
                     }
                 }
             }
         }
-
-        return events;
     }
 
     private double getValue(Position position, String type) {
diff --git a/src/main/java/org/traccar/handler/events/MediaEventHandler.java b/src/main/java/org/traccar/handler/events/MediaEventHandler.java
index 52d8e6961..2745296c4 100644
--- a/src/main/java/org/traccar/handler/events/MediaEventHandler.java
+++ b/src/main/java/org/traccar/handler/events/MediaEventHandler.java
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright 2022 Anton Tananaev (anton@traccar.org)
+ * Copyright 2022 - 2024 Anton Tananaev (anton@traccar.org)
  *
  * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
  * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -15,18 +15,12 @@
  */
 package org.traccar.handler.events;
 
-import io.netty.channel.ChannelHandler;
+import jakarta.inject.Inject;
 import org.traccar.model.Event;
 import org.traccar.model.Position;
 
-import jakarta.inject.Inject;
-import jakarta.inject.Singleton;
-import java.util.Map;
-import java.util.stream.Collectors;
 import java.util.stream.Stream;
 
-@Singleton
-@ChannelHandler.Sharable
 public class MediaEventHandler extends BaseEventHandler {
 
     @Inject
@@ -34,8 +28,8 @@ public class MediaEventHandler extends BaseEventHandler {
     }
 
     @Override
-    protected Map<Event, Position> analyzePosition(Position position) {
-        return Stream.of(Position.KEY_IMAGE, Position.KEY_VIDEO, Position.KEY_AUDIO)
+    public void analyzePosition(Position position, Callback callback) {
+        Stream.of(Position.KEY_IMAGE, Position.KEY_VIDEO, Position.KEY_AUDIO)
                 .filter(position::hasAttribute)
                 .map(type -> {
                     Event event = new Event(Event.TYPE_MEDIA, position);
@@ -43,7 +37,7 @@ public class MediaEventHandler extends BaseEventHandler {
                     event.set("file", position.getString(type));
                     return event;
                 })
-                .collect(Collectors.toMap(event -> event, event -> position));
+                .forEach(callback::eventDetected);
     }
 
 }
diff --git a/src/main/java/org/traccar/handler/events/MotionEventHandler.java b/src/main/java/org/traccar/handler/events/MotionEventHandler.java
index 15902d6d4..41d68985b 100644
--- a/src/main/java/org/traccar/handler/events/MotionEventHandler.java
+++ b/src/main/java/org/traccar/handler/events/MotionEventHandler.java
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright 2016 - 2023 Anton Tananaev (anton@traccar.org)
+ * Copyright 2016 - 2024 Anton Tananaev (anton@traccar.org)
  * Copyright 2017 Andrey Kunitsyn (andrey@traccar.org)
  *
  * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
@@ -16,14 +16,13 @@
  */
 package org.traccar.handler.events;
 
-import io.netty.channel.ChannelHandler;
+import jakarta.inject.Inject;
 import org.slf4j.Logger;
 import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
 import org.traccar.config.Keys;
 import org.traccar.helper.model.AttributeUtil;
 import org.traccar.helper.model.PositionUtil;
 import org.traccar.model.Device;
-import org.traccar.model.Event;
 import org.traccar.model.Position;
 import org.traccar.reports.common.TripsConfig;
 import org.traccar.session.cache.CacheManager;
@@ -35,13 +34,6 @@ import org.traccar.storage.query.Columns;
 import org.traccar.storage.query.Condition;
 import org.traccar.storage.query.Request;
 
-import jakarta.inject.Inject;
-import jakarta.inject.Singleton;
-import java.util.Collections;
-import java.util.Map;
-
-@Singleton
-@ChannelHandler.Sharable
 public class MotionEventHandler extends BaseEventHandler {
 
     private static final Logger LOGGER = LoggerFactory.getLogger(MotionEventHandler.class);
@@ -56,17 +48,17 @@ public class MotionEventHandler extends BaseEventHandler {
     }
 
     @Override
-    protected Map<Event, Position> analyzePosition(Position position) {
+    public void analyzePosition(Position position, Callback callback) {
 
         long deviceId = position.getDeviceId();
         Device device = cacheManager.getObject(Device.class, deviceId);
         if (device == null || !PositionUtil.isLatest(cacheManager, position)) {
-            return null;
+            return;
         }
         boolean processInvalid = AttributeUtil.lookup(
                 cacheManager, Keys.EVENT_MOTION_PROCESS_INVALID_POSITIONS, deviceId);
         if (!processInvalid && !position.getValid()) {
-            return null;
+            return;
         }
 
         TripsConfig tripsConfig = new TripsConfig(new AttributeUtil.CacheProvider(cacheManager, deviceId));
@@ -82,7 +74,9 @@ public class MotionEventHandler extends BaseEventHandler {
                 LOGGER.warn("Update device motion error", e);
             }
         }
-        return state.getEvent() != null ? Collections.singletonMap(state.getEvent(), position) : null;
+        if (state.getEvent() != null) {
+            callback.eventDetected(state.getEvent());
+        }
     }
 
 }
diff --git a/src/main/java/org/traccar/handler/events/OverspeedEventHandler.java b/src/main/java/org/traccar/handler/events/OverspeedEventHandler.java
index 3bb5f713c..9598581e6 100644
--- a/src/main/java/org/traccar/handler/events/OverspeedEventHandler.java
+++ b/src/main/java/org/traccar/handler/events/OverspeedEventHandler.java
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright 2016 - 2023 Anton Tananaev (anton@traccar.org)
+ * Copyright 2016 - 2024 Anton Tananaev (anton@traccar.org)
  * Copyright 2018 Andrey Kunitsyn (andrey@traccar.org)
  *
  * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@
  */
 package org.traccar.handler.events;
 
-import io.netty.channel.ChannelHandler;
+import jakarta.inject.Inject;
 import org.slf4j.Logger;
 import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
 import org.traccar.config.Config;
@@ -24,7 +24,6 @@ import org.traccar.config.Keys;
 import org.traccar.helper.model.AttributeUtil;
 import org.traccar.helper.model.PositionUtil;
 import org.traccar.model.Device;
-import org.traccar.model.Event;
 import org.traccar.model.Geofence;
 import org.traccar.model.Position;
 import org.traccar.session.cache.CacheManager;
@@ -36,13 +35,6 @@ import org.traccar.storage.query.Columns;
 import org.traccar.storage.query.Condition;
 import org.traccar.storage.query.Request;
 
-import jakarta.inject.Inject;
-import jakarta.inject.Singleton;
-import java.util.Collections;
-import java.util.Map;
-
-@Singleton
-@ChannelHandler.Sharable
 public class OverspeedEventHandler extends BaseEventHandler {
 
     private static final Logger LOGGER = LoggerFactory.getLogger(OverspeedEventHandler.class);
@@ -55,8 +47,7 @@ public class OverspeedEventHandler extends BaseEventHandler {
     private final double multiplier;
 
     @Inject
-    public OverspeedEventHandler(
-            Config config, CacheManager cacheManager, Storage storage) {
+    public OverspeedEventHandler(Config config, CacheManager cacheManager, Storage storage) {
         this.cacheManager = cacheManager;
         this.storage = storage;
         minimalDuration = config.getLong(Keys.EVENT_OVERSPEED_MINIMAL_DURATION) * 1000;
@@ -65,15 +56,15 @@ public class OverspeedEventHandler extends BaseEventHandler {
     }
 
     @Override
-    protected Map<Event, Position> analyzePosition(Position position) {
+    public void analyzePosition(Position position, Callback callback) {
 
         long deviceId = position.getDeviceId();
         Device device = cacheManager.getObject(Device.class, position.getDeviceId());
         if (device == null) {
-            return null;
+            return;
         }
         if (!PositionUtil.isLatest(cacheManager, position) || !position.getValid()) {
-            return null;
+            return;
         }
 
         double speedLimit = AttributeUtil.lookup(cacheManager, Keys.EVENT_OVERSPEED_LIMIT, deviceId);
@@ -105,7 +96,7 @@ public class OverspeedEventHandler extends BaseEventHandler {
         }
 
         if (speedLimit == 0) {
-            return null;
+            return;
         }
 
         OverspeedState state = OverspeedState.fromDevice(device);
@@ -120,7 +111,9 @@ public class OverspeedEventHandler extends BaseEventHandler {
                 LOGGER.warn("Update device overspeed error", e);
             }
         }
-        return state.getEvent() != null ? Collections.singletonMap(state.getEvent(), position) : null;
+        if (state.getEvent() != null) {
+            callback.eventDetected(state.getEvent());
+        }
     }
 
 }
diff --git a/src/main/java/org/traccar/handler/AcknowledgementHandler.java b/src/main/java/org/traccar/handler/network/AcknowledgementHandler.java
index 4c1085998..e87f5d34c 100644
--- a/src/main/java/org/traccar/handler/AcknowledgementHandler.java
+++ b/src/main/java/org/traccar/handler/network/AcknowledgementHandler.java
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@
  * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
  * limitations under the License.
  */
-package org.traccar.handler;
+package org.traccar.handler.network;
 
 import io.netty.channel.ChannelHandlerContext;
 import io.netty.channel.ChannelOutboundHandlerAdapter;
diff --git a/src/main/java/org/traccar/handler/network/MainEventHandler.java b/src/main/java/org/traccar/handler/network/MainEventHandler.java
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f60004126
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/main/java/org/traccar/handler/network/MainEventHandler.java
@@ -0,0 +1,98 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright 2012 - 2024 Anton Tananaev (anton@traccar.org)
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+package org.traccar.handler.network;
+
+import io.netty.channel.Channel;
+import io.netty.channel.ChannelHandler;
+import io.netty.channel.ChannelHandlerContext;
+import io.netty.channel.ChannelInboundHandlerAdapter;
+import io.netty.channel.socket.DatagramChannel;
+import io.netty.handler.codec.http.HttpRequestDecoder;
+import io.netty.handler.timeout.IdleStateEvent;
+import jakarta.inject.Inject;
+import jakarta.inject.Singleton;
+import org.slf4j.Logger;
+import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
+import org.traccar.BasePipelineFactory;
+import org.traccar.BaseProtocolDecoder;
+import org.traccar.config.Config;
+import org.traccar.config.Keys;
+import org.traccar.helper.NetworkUtil;
+import org.traccar.session.ConnectionManager;
+
+import java.util.Arrays;
+import java.util.HashSet;
+import java.util.Set;
+
+@Singleton
+@ChannelHandler.Sharable
+public class MainEventHandler extends ChannelInboundHandlerAdapter {
+
+    private static final Logger LOGGER = LoggerFactory.getLogger(MainEventHandler.class);
+
+    private final ConnectionManager connectionManager;
+    private final Set<String> connectionlessProtocols = new HashSet<>();
+
+    @Inject
+    public MainEventHandler(Config config, ConnectionManager connectionManager) {
+        this.connectionManager = connectionManager;
+        String connectionlessProtocolList = config.getString(Keys.STATUS_IGNORE_OFFLINE);
+        if (connectionlessProtocolList != null) {
+            connectionlessProtocols.addAll(Arrays.asList(connectionlessProtocolList.split("[, ]")));
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void channelActive(ChannelHandlerContext ctx) {
+        if (!(ctx.channel() instanceof DatagramChannel)) {
+            LOGGER.info("[{}] connected", NetworkUtil.session(ctx.channel()));
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void channelInactive(ChannelHandlerContext ctx) {
+        LOGGER.info("[{}] disconnected", NetworkUtil.session(ctx.channel()));
+        closeChannel(ctx.channel());
+
+        boolean supportsOffline = BasePipelineFactory.getHandler(ctx.pipeline(), HttpRequestDecoder.class) == null
+                && !connectionlessProtocols.contains(ctx.pipeline().get(BaseProtocolDecoder.class).getProtocolName());
+        connectionManager.deviceDisconnected(ctx.channel(), supportsOffline);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void exceptionCaught(ChannelHandlerContext ctx, Throwable cause) {
+        while (cause.getCause() != null && cause.getCause() != cause) {
+            cause = cause.getCause();
+        }
+        LOGGER.info("[{}] error", NetworkUtil.session(ctx.channel()), cause);
+        closeChannel(ctx.channel());
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void userEventTriggered(ChannelHandlerContext ctx, Object evt) {
+        if (evt instanceof IdleStateEvent) {
+            LOGGER.info("[{}] timed out", NetworkUtil.session(ctx.channel()));
+            closeChannel(ctx.channel());
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void closeChannel(Channel channel) {
+        if (!(channel instanceof DatagramChannel)) {
+            channel.close();
+        }
+    }
+
+}
diff --git a/src/main/java/org/traccar/handler/NetworkForwarderHandler.java b/src/main/java/org/traccar/handler/network/NetworkForwarderHandler.java
index 470e175ca..5f07ce355 100644
--- a/src/main/java/org/traccar/handler/NetworkForwarderHandler.java
+++ b/src/main/java/org/traccar/handler/network/NetworkForwarderHandler.java
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@
  * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
  * limitations under the License.
  */
-package org.traccar.handler;
+package org.traccar.handler.network;
 
 import io.netty.buffer.ByteBuf;
 import io.netty.channel.ChannelHandlerContext;
diff --git a/src/main/java/org/traccar/handler/NetworkMessageHandler.java b/src/main/java/org/traccar/handler/network/NetworkMessageHandler.java
index b1d926bfa..c2fb9016a 100644
--- a/src/main/java/org/traccar/handler/NetworkMessageHandler.java
+++ b/src/main/java/org/traccar/handler/network/NetworkMessageHandler.java
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@
  * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
  * limitations under the License.
  */
-package org.traccar.handler;
+package org.traccar.handler.network;
 
 import io.netty.buffer.ByteBuf;
 import io.netty.channel.ChannelDuplexHandler;
diff --git a/src/main/java/org/traccar/handler/OpenChannelHandler.java b/src/main/java/org/traccar/handler/network/OpenChannelHandler.java
index e416f35ae..21aaae676 100644
--- a/src/main/java/org/traccar/handler/OpenChannelHandler.java
+++ b/src/main/java/org/traccar/handler/network/OpenChannelHandler.java
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@
  * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
  * limitations under the License.
  */
-package org.traccar.handler;
+package org.traccar.handler.network;
 
 import io.netty.channel.ChannelDuplexHandler;
 import io.netty.channel.ChannelHandlerContext;
diff --git a/src/main/java/org/traccar/handler/RemoteAddressHandler.java b/src/main/java/org/traccar/handler/network/RemoteAddressHandler.java
index 61ada5b91..c52bb2be1 100644
--- a/src/main/java/org/traccar/handler/RemoteAddressHandler.java
+++ b/src/main/java/org/traccar/handler/network/RemoteAddressHandler.java
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright 2015 - 2022 Anton Tananaev (anton@traccar.org)
+ * Copyright 2015 - 2024 Anton Tananaev (anton@traccar.org)
  *
  * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
  * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -13,17 +13,17 @@
  * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
  * limitations under the License.
  */
-package org.traccar.handler;
+package org.traccar.handler.network;
 
 import io.netty.channel.ChannelHandler;
 import io.netty.channel.ChannelHandlerContext;
 import io.netty.channel.ChannelInboundHandlerAdapter;
+import jakarta.inject.Inject;
+import jakarta.inject.Singleton;
 import org.traccar.config.Config;
 import org.traccar.config.Keys;
 import org.traccar.model.Position;
 
-import jakarta.inject.Inject;
-import jakarta.inject.Singleton;
 import java.net.InetSocketAddress;
 
 @Singleton
diff --git a/src/main/java/org/traccar/handler/StandardLoggingHandler.java b/src/main/java/org/traccar/handler/network/StandardLoggingHandler.java
index 513602dd8..dae93655d 100644
--- a/src/main/java/org/traccar/handler/StandardLoggingHandler.java
+++ b/src/main/java/org/traccar/handler/network/StandardLoggingHandler.java
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@
  * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
  * limitations under the License.
  */
-package org.traccar.handler;
+package org.traccar.handler.network;
 
 import io.netty.buffer.ByteBuf;
 import io.netty.buffer.ByteBufUtil;
diff --git a/src/main/java/org/traccar/helper/PositionLogger.java b/src/main/java/org/traccar/helper/PositionLogger.java
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..9f149edf4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/main/java/org/traccar/helper/PositionLogger.java
@@ -0,0 +1,94 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright 2024 Anton Tananaev (anton@traccar.org)
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+package org.traccar.helper;
+
+import io.netty.channel.ChannelHandlerContext;
+import jakarta.inject.Inject;
+import org.slf4j.Logger;
+import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
+import org.traccar.config.Config;
+import org.traccar.config.Keys;
+import org.traccar.model.Device;
+import org.traccar.model.Position;
+import org.traccar.session.cache.CacheManager;
+
+import java.util.Arrays;
+import java.util.LinkedHashSet;
+import java.util.Set;
+
+public class PositionLogger {
+
+    private static final Logger LOGGER = LoggerFactory.getLogger(PositionLogger.class);
+
+    private final CacheManager cacheManager;
+    private final Set<String> logAttributes = new LinkedHashSet<>();
+
+    @Inject
+    public PositionLogger(Config config, CacheManager cacheManager) {
+        this.cacheManager = cacheManager;
+        logAttributes.addAll(Arrays.asList(config.getString(Keys.LOGGER_ATTRIBUTES).split("[, ]")));
+    }
+
+    public void log(ChannelHandlerContext context, Position position) {
+        Device device = cacheManager.getObject(Device.class, position.getDeviceId());
+
+        StringBuilder builder = new StringBuilder();
+        builder.append("[").append(NetworkUtil.session(context.channel())).append("] ");
+        builder.append("id: ").append(device.getUniqueId());
+        for (String attribute : logAttributes) {
+            switch (attribute) {
+                case "time":
+                    builder.append(", time: ").append(DateUtil.formatDate(position.getFixTime(), false));
+                    break;
+                case "position":
+                    builder.append(", lat: ").append(String.format("%.5f", position.getLatitude()));
+                    builder.append(", lon: ").append(String.format("%.5f", position.getLongitude()));
+                    break;
+                case "speed":
+                    if (position.getSpeed() > 0) {
+                        builder.append(", speed: ").append(String.format("%.1f", position.getSpeed()));
+                    }
+                    break;
+                case "course":
+                    builder.append(", course: ").append(String.format("%.1f", position.getCourse()));
+                    break;
+                case "accuracy":
+                    if (position.getAccuracy() > 0) {
+                        builder.append(", accuracy: ").append(String.format("%.1f", position.getAccuracy()));
+                    }
+                    break;
+                case "outdated":
+                    if (position.getOutdated()) {
+                        builder.append(", outdated");
+                    }
+                    break;
+                case "invalid":
+                    if (!position.getValid()) {
+                        builder.append(", invalid");
+                    }
+                    break;
+                default:
+                    Object value = position.getAttributes().get(attribute);
+                    if (value != null) {
+                        builder.append(", ").append(attribute).append(": ").append(value);
+                    }
+                    break;
+            }
+        }
+        LOGGER.info(builder.toString());
+    }
+
+}
diff --git a/src/main/java/org/traccar/model/Device.java b/src/main/java/org/traccar/model/Device.java
index a3088a613..c2da9be79 100644
--- a/src/main/java/org/traccar/model/Device.java
+++ b/src/main/java/org/traccar/model/Device.java
@@ -53,7 +53,7 @@ public class Device extends GroupedModel implements Disableable, Schedulable {
     }
 
     public void setUniqueId(String uniqueId) {
-        if (uniqueId.contains("../") || uniqueId.contains("..\\")) {
+        if (uniqueId.contains("..")) {
             throw new IllegalArgumentException("Invalid unique id");
         }
         this.uniqueId = uniqueId.trim();
diff --git a/src/main/java/org/traccar/protocol/AtrackProtocolDecoder.java b/src/main/java/org/traccar/protocol/AtrackProtocolDecoder.java
index 8896dcfb0..834f4f16c 100644
--- a/src/main/java/org/traccar/protocol/AtrackProtocolDecoder.java
+++ b/src/main/java/org/traccar/protocol/AtrackProtocolDecoder.java
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright 2013 - 2021 Anton Tananaev (anton@traccar.org)
+ * Copyright 2013 - 2024 Anton Tananaev (anton@traccar.org)
  *
  * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
  * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -325,6 +325,9 @@ public class AtrackProtocolDecoder extends BaseProtocolDecoder {
                 case "SA":
                     position.set(Position.KEY_SATELLITES, buf.readUnsignedByte());
                     break;
+                case "MT":
+                    position.set(Position.KEY_MOTION, buf.readUnsignedByte() > 0);
+                    break;
                 case "MV":
                     position.set(Position.KEY_POWER, buf.readUnsignedShort() * 0.1);
                     break;
diff --git a/src/main/java/org/traccar/protocol/Gl200TextProtocolDecoder.java b/src/main/java/org/traccar/protocol/Gl200TextProtocolDecoder.java
index 7a8d67cf9..775e98401 100644
--- a/src/main/java/org/traccar/protocol/Gl200TextProtocolDecoder.java
+++ b/src/main/java/org/traccar/protocol/Gl200TextProtocolDecoder.java
@@ -41,12 +41,54 @@ import java.text.SimpleDateFormat;
 import java.util.Date;
 import java.util.LinkedList;
 import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Map;
 import java.util.TimeZone;
 import java.util.regex.Matcher;
 import java.util.regex.Pattern;
 
 public class Gl200TextProtocolDecoder extends BaseProtocolDecoder {
 
+    private static final Map<String, String> PROTOCOL_MODELS = Map.ofEntries(
+            Map.entry("02", "GL200"),
+            Map.entry("04", "GV200"),
+            Map.entry("06", "GV300"),
+            Map.entry("08", "GMT100"),
+            Map.entry("09", "GV50P"),
+            Map.entry("0F", "GV55"),
+            Map.entry("10", "GV55 LITE"),
+            Map.entry("11", "GL500"),
+            Map.entry("1A", "GL300"),
+            Map.entry("1F", "GV500"),
+            Map.entry("25", "GV300"),
+            Map.entry("27", "GV300W"),
+            Map.entry("28", "GL300VC"),
+            Map.entry("2C", "GL300W"),
+            Map.entry("2F", "GV55"),
+            Map.entry("30", "GL300"),
+            Map.entry("31", "GV65"),
+            Map.entry("35", "GV200"),
+            Map.entry("36", "GV500"),
+            Map.entry("3F", "GMT100"),
+            Map.entry("40", "GL500"),
+            Map.entry("41", "GV75W"),
+            Map.entry("42", "GT501"),
+            Map.entry("44", "GL530"),
+            Map.entry("45", "GB100"),
+            Map.entry("50", "GV55W"),
+            Map.entry("52", "GL50"),
+            Map.entry("55", "GL50B"),
+            Map.entry("5E", "GV500MAP"),
+            Map.entry("6E", "GV310LAU"),
+            Map.entry("BD", "CV200"),
+            Map.entry("C2", "GV600M"),
+            Map.entry("DC", "GV600MG"),
+            Map.entry("DE", "GL500M"),
+            Map.entry("F1", "GV350M"),
+            Map.entry("F8", "GV800W"),
+            Map.entry("FC", "GV600W"),
+            Map.entry("802004", "GV58LAU"),
+            Map.entry("802005", "GV355CEU"));
+
     private boolean ignoreFixTime;
 
     private final DateFormat dateFormat;
@@ -62,9 +104,19 @@ public class Gl200TextProtocolDecoder extends BaseProtocolDecoder {
         ignoreFixTime = getConfig().getBoolean(Keys.PROTOCOL_IGNORE_FIX_TIME.withPrefix(getProtocolName()));
     }
 
-    private String getDeviceModel(DeviceSession deviceSession, String value) {
-        String model = value.isEmpty() ? getDeviceModel(deviceSession) : value;
-        return model != null ? model.toUpperCase() : "";
+    private String getDeviceModel(DeviceSession deviceSession, String protocolVersion) {
+        String declaredModel = getDeviceModel(deviceSession);
+        if (declaredModel != null) {
+            return declaredModel.toUpperCase();
+        }
+        String versionPrefix;
+        if (protocolVersion.length() > 6) {
+            versionPrefix = protocolVersion.substring(0, 6);
+        } else {
+            versionPrefix = protocolVersion.substring(0, 2);
+        }
+        String model = PROTOCOL_MODELS.get(versionPrefix);
+        return model != null ? model : "";
     }
 
     private Position initPosition(Parser parser, Channel channel, SocketAddress remoteAddress) {
@@ -122,12 +174,12 @@ public class Gl200TextProtocolDecoder extends BaseProtocolDecoder {
 
     private static final Pattern PATTERN_INF = new PatternBuilder()
             .text("+").expression("(?:RESP|BUFF):GTINF,")
-            .expression("(?:.{6}|.{10})?,")      // protocol version
+            .expression("(.{6}|.{10})?,")        // protocol version
             .number("(d{15}|x{14}),")            // imei
             .expression("(?:[0-9A-Z]{17},)?")    // vin
             .expression("(?:[^,]+)?,")           // device name
             .number("(xx),")                     // state
-            .expression("(?:[0-9Ff]{20})?,")     // iccid
+            .expression("([0-9Ff]{20})?,")       // iccid
             .number("(d{1,2}),")                 // rssi
             .number("d{1,2},")
             .expression("[01]{1,2},")            // external power
@@ -148,6 +200,7 @@ public class Gl200TextProtocolDecoder extends BaseProtocolDecoder {
             .expression("(?:[01])?,").optional() // pin15 mode
             .number("(d+)?,")                    // adc1
             .number("(d+)?,").optional()         // adc2
+            .number("(d+)?,").optional()         // adc3
             .number("(xx)?,")                    // digital input
             .number("(xx)?,")                    // digital output
             .number("[-+]dddd,")                 // timezone
@@ -163,10 +216,17 @@ public class Gl200TextProtocolDecoder extends BaseProtocolDecoder {
 
     private Object decodeInf(Channel channel, SocketAddress remoteAddress, String sentence) {
         Parser parser = new Parser(PATTERN_INF, sentence);
-        Position position = initPosition(parser, channel, remoteAddress);
-        if (position == null) {
+        if (!parser.matches()) {
             return null;
         }
+        String protocolVersion = parser.next();
+        DeviceSession deviceSession = getDeviceSession(channel, remoteAddress, parser.next());
+        if (deviceSession == null) {
+            return null;
+        }
+        Position position = new Position();
+        position.setProtocol(getProtocolName());
+        position.setDeviceId(deviceSession.getDeviceId());
 
         switch (parser.nextHexInt()) {
             case 0x16:
@@ -197,9 +257,15 @@ public class Gl200TextProtocolDecoder extends BaseProtocolDecoder {
                 break;
         }
 
+        position.set(Position.KEY_ICCID, parser.next());
         position.set(Position.KEY_RSSI, parser.nextInt());
 
-        parser.next(); // odometer or external power
+        String model = getDeviceModel(deviceSession, protocolVersion);
+        if (model.equals("GV310LAU")) {
+            position.set(Position.KEY_POWER, parser.nextDouble() / 1000);
+        } else {
+            parser.next(); // odometer or external power
+        }
 
         position.set(Position.KEY_BATTERY, parser.nextDouble());
         position.set(Position.KEY_CHARGE, parser.nextInt() == 1);
@@ -210,6 +276,9 @@ public class Gl200TextProtocolDecoder extends BaseProtocolDecoder {
 
         position.set(Position.PREFIX_ADC + 1, parser.next());
         position.set(Position.PREFIX_ADC + 2, parser.next());
+        if (model.equals("GV310LAU")) {
+            position.set(Position.PREFIX_ADC + 3, parser.next());
+        }
 
         position.set(Position.KEY_INPUT, parser.next());
         position.set(Position.KEY_OUTPUT, parser.next());
@@ -455,7 +524,7 @@ public class Gl200TextProtocolDecoder extends BaseProtocolDecoder {
     private Object decodeCan(Channel channel, SocketAddress remoteAddress, String[] v) throws ParseException {
         int index = 0;
         index += 1; // header
-        index += 1; // protocol version
+        String protocolVersion = v[index++]; // protocol version
         DeviceSession deviceSession = getDeviceSession(channel, remoteAddress, v[index++]);
         if (deviceSession == null) {
             return null;
@@ -464,7 +533,8 @@ public class Gl200TextProtocolDecoder extends BaseProtocolDecoder {
         Position position = new Position(getProtocolName());
         position.setDeviceId(deviceSession.getDeviceId());
 
-        String model = getDeviceModel(deviceSession, v[index++]);
+        String model = getDeviceModel(deviceSession, protocolVersion);
+        index += 1; // device name
         index += 1; // report type
         index += 1; // can bus state
         long reportMask = Long.parseLong(v[index++], 16);
@@ -872,13 +942,14 @@ public class Gl200TextProtocolDecoder extends BaseProtocolDecoder {
     private Object decodeEri(Channel channel, SocketAddress remoteAddress, String[] v) throws ParseException {
         int index = 0;
         index += 1; // header
-        index += 1; // protocol version
+        String protocolVersion = v[index++]; // protocol version
         DeviceSession deviceSession = getDeviceSession(channel, remoteAddress, v[index++]);
         if (deviceSession == null) {
             return null;
         }
 
-        String model = getDeviceModel(deviceSession, v[index++]);
+        String model = getDeviceModel(deviceSession, protocolVersion);
+        index += 1; // device name
         long mask = Long.parseLong(v[index++], 16);
         Double power = v[index++].isEmpty() ? null : Integer.parseInt(v[index - 1]) * 0.001;
         index += 1; // report type
@@ -960,7 +1031,7 @@ public class Gl200TextProtocolDecoder extends BaseProtocolDecoder {
     }
 
     private static final Pattern PATTERN_IGN = new PatternBuilder()
-            .text("+").expression("(?:RESP|BUFF):GTIG[NF],")
+            .text("+").expression("(?:RESP|BUFF):GT[IV]G[NF],")
             .expression("(?:.{6}|.{10})?,")      // protocol version
             .number("(d{15}|x{14}),")            // imei
             .expression("[^,]*,")                // device name
@@ -984,7 +1055,7 @@ public class Gl200TextProtocolDecoder extends BaseProtocolDecoder {
 
         decodeLocation(position, parser);
 
-        position.set(Position.KEY_IGNITION, sentence.contains("IGN"));
+        position.set(Position.KEY_IGNITION, sentence.contains("GN"));
         position.set(Position.KEY_HOURS, parseHours(parser.next()));
         position.set(Position.KEY_ODOMETER, parser.nextDouble() * 1000);
 
@@ -1606,6 +1677,8 @@ public class Gl200TextProtocolDecoder extends BaseProtocolDecoder {
                     break;
                 case "IGN":
                 case "IGF":
+                case "VGN":
+                case "VGF":
                     result = decodeIgn(channel, remoteAddress, sentence);
                     break;
                 case "LSW":
diff --git a/src/main/java/org/traccar/protocol/HuabaoProtocolDecoder.java b/src/main/java/org/traccar/protocol/HuabaoProtocolDecoder.java
index 2186fb91f..648c5fb42 100644
--- a/src/main/java/org/traccar/protocol/HuabaoProtocolDecoder.java
+++ b/src/main/java/org/traccar/protocol/HuabaoProtocolDecoder.java
@@ -979,6 +979,12 @@ public class HuabaoProtocolDecoder extends BaseProtocolDecoder {
                             case 0x0103:
                                 position.set(Position.KEY_FUEL_LEVEL, buf.readUnsignedInt() * 0.01);
                                 break;
+                            case 0x0111:
+                                position.set("fuelTemp", buf.readUnsignedByte() - 40);
+                                break;
+                            case 0x012E:
+                                position.set("oilLevel", buf.readUnsignedShort() * 0.1);
+                                break;
                             case 0x052A:
                                 position.set(Position.KEY_FUEL_LEVEL, buf.readUnsignedShort() * 0.01);
                                 break;
@@ -1113,6 +1119,30 @@ public class HuabaoProtocolDecoder extends BaseProtocolDecoder {
                     }
                     getLastLocation(position, time);
                     break;
+                case 0x15:
+                    int event = buf.readInt();
+                    switch (event) {
+                        case 51:
+                            position.set(Position.KEY_ALARM, Position.ALARM_ACCELERATION);
+                            break;
+                        case 52:
+                            position.set(Position.KEY_ALARM, Position.ALARM_BRAKING);
+                            break;
+                        case 53:
+                            position.set(Position.KEY_ALARM, Position.ALARM_CORNERING);
+                            break;
+                        case 54:
+                            position.set(Position.KEY_ALARM, Position.ALARM_LANE_CHANGE);
+                            break;
+                        case 56:
+                            position.set(Position.KEY_ALARM, Position.ALARM_ACCIDENT);
+                            break;
+                        default:
+                            position.set(Position.KEY_EVENT, event);
+                            break;
+                    }
+                    getLastLocation(position, time);
+                    break;
                 default:
                     return null;
             }
diff --git a/src/test/java/org/traccar/database/GroupTreeTest.java b/src/test/java/org/traccar/database/GroupTreeTest.java
deleted file mode 100644
index 7c0d478f8..000000000
--- a/src/test/java/org/traccar/database/GroupTreeTest.java
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,56 +0,0 @@
-package org.traccar.database;
-
-import org.junit.jupiter.api.Test;
-import org.traccar.model.Device;
-import org.traccar.model.Group;
-
-import java.util.ArrayList;
-import java.util.Collection;
-
-import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.assertEquals;
-
-public class GroupTreeTest {
-
-    private static Group createGroup(long id, String name, long parent) {
-        Group group = new Group();
-        group.setId(id);
-        group.setName(name);
-        group.setGroupId(parent);
-        return group;
-    }
-
-    private static Device createDevice(long id, String name, long parent) {
-        Device device = new Device();
-        device.setId(id);
-        device.setName(name);
-        device.setGroupId(parent);
-        return device;
-    }
-
-    @Test
-    public void testGetDescendants() {
-        Collection<Group> groups = new ArrayList<>();
-        groups.add(createGroup(1, "First", 0));
-        groups.add(createGroup(2, "Second", 1));
-        groups.add(createGroup(3, "Third", 2));
-        groups.add(createGroup(4, "Fourth", 2));
-        groups.add(createGroup(5, "Fifth", 4));
-
-        Collection<Device> devices = new ArrayList<>();
-        devices.add(createDevice(1, "One", 3));
-        devices.add(createDevice(2, "Two", 5));
-        devices.add(createDevice(3, "One", 5));
-
-        GroupTree groupTree = new GroupTree(groups, devices);
-
-        assertEquals(4, groupTree.getGroups(1).size());
-        assertEquals(3, groupTree.getGroups(2).size());
-        assertEquals(0, groupTree.getGroups(3).size());
-        assertEquals(1, groupTree.getGroups(4).size());
-
-        assertEquals(3, groupTree.getDevices(1).size());
-        assertEquals(1, groupTree.getDevices(3).size());
-        assertEquals(2, groupTree.getDevices(4).size());
-    }
-
-}
diff --git a/src/test/java/org/traccar/handler/DistanceHandlerTest.java b/src/test/java/org/traccar/handler/DistanceHandlerTest.java
index 7d2f1e2e3..04a27ad79 100644
--- a/src/test/java/org/traccar/handler/DistanceHandlerTest.java
+++ b/src/test/java/org/traccar/handler/DistanceHandlerTest.java
@@ -15,14 +15,15 @@ public class DistanceHandlerTest {
 
         DistanceHandler distanceHandler = new DistanceHandler(new Config(), mock(CacheManager.class));
 
-        Position position = distanceHandler.handlePosition(new Position());
+        Position position = new Position();
+        distanceHandler.handlePosition(position, p -> {});
 
         assertEquals(0.0, position.getAttributes().get(Position.KEY_DISTANCE));
         assertEquals(0.0, position.getAttributes().get(Position.KEY_TOTAL_DISTANCE));
 
         position.set(Position.KEY_DISTANCE, 100);
 
-        position = distanceHandler.handlePosition(position);
+        distanceHandler.handlePosition(position, p -> {});
 
         assertEquals(100.0, position.getAttributes().get(Position.KEY_DISTANCE));
         assertEquals(100.0, position.getAttributes().get(Position.KEY_TOTAL_DISTANCE));
diff --git a/src/test/java/org/traccar/handler/MotionHandlerTest.java b/src/test/java/org/traccar/handler/MotionHandlerTest.java
index 10cdf6a90..927c803d9 100644
--- a/src/test/java/org/traccar/handler/MotionHandlerTest.java
+++ b/src/test/java/org/traccar/handler/MotionHandlerTest.java
@@ -26,7 +26,8 @@ public class MotionHandlerTest {
 
         MotionHandler motionHandler = new MotionHandler(cacheManager);
 
-        Position position = motionHandler.handlePosition(new Position());
+        Position position = new Position();
+        motionHandler.handlePosition(position, p -> {});
 
         assertEquals(false, position.getAttributes().get(Position.KEY_MOTION));
 
diff --git a/src/test/java/org/traccar/handler/events/AlertEventHandlerTest.java b/src/test/java/org/traccar/handler/events/AlertEventHandlerTest.java
index 66dc55c85..7b1991553 100644
--- a/src/test/java/org/traccar/handler/events/AlertEventHandlerTest.java
+++ b/src/test/java/org/traccar/handler/events/AlertEventHandlerTest.java
@@ -7,10 +7,11 @@ import org.traccar.model.Event;
 import org.traccar.model.Position;
 import org.traccar.session.cache.CacheManager;
 
-import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.List;
 
 import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.assertEquals;
-import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.assertNotNull;
+import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.assertFalse;
 import static org.mockito.Mockito.mock;
 
 public class AlertEventHandlerTest extends BaseTest {
@@ -22,9 +23,10 @@ public class AlertEventHandlerTest extends BaseTest {
         
         Position position = new Position();
         position.set(Position.KEY_ALARM, Position.ALARM_GENERAL);
-        Map<Event, Position> events = alertEventHandler.analyzePosition(position);
-        assertNotNull(events);
-        Event event = events.keySet().iterator().next();
+        List<Event> events = new ArrayList<>();
+        alertEventHandler.analyzePosition(position, events::add);
+        assertFalse(events.isEmpty());
+        Event event = events.iterator().next();
         assertEquals(Event.TYPE_ALARM, event.getType());
 
     }
diff --git a/src/test/java/org/traccar/handler/events/CommandResultEventHandlerTest.java b/src/test/java/org/traccar/handler/events/CommandResultEventHandlerTest.java
index bc24e42f5..58e198b7f 100644
--- a/src/test/java/org/traccar/handler/events/CommandResultEventHandlerTest.java
+++ b/src/test/java/org/traccar/handler/events/CommandResultEventHandlerTest.java
@@ -5,9 +5,12 @@ import org.traccar.BaseTest;
 import org.traccar.model.Event;
 import org.traccar.model.Position;
 
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.List;
 import java.util.Map;
 
 import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.assertEquals;
+import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.assertFalse;
 import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.assertNotNull;
 
 public class CommandResultEventHandlerTest extends BaseTest {
@@ -19,9 +22,10 @@ public class CommandResultEventHandlerTest extends BaseTest {
         
         Position position = new Position();
         position.set(Position.KEY_RESULT, "Test Result");
-        Map<Event, Position> events = commandResultEventHandler.analyzePosition(position);
-        assertNotNull(events);
-        Event event = events.keySet().iterator().next();
+        List<Event> events = new ArrayList<>();
+        commandResultEventHandler.analyzePosition(position, events::add);
+        assertFalse(events.isEmpty());
+        Event event = events.iterator().next();
         assertEquals(Event.TYPE_COMMAND_RESULT, event.getType());
     }
 
diff --git a/src/test/java/org/traccar/handler/events/IgnitionEventHandlerTest.java b/src/test/java/org/traccar/handler/events/IgnitionEventHandlerTest.java
index 972932df4..61ff50efa 100644
--- a/src/test/java/org/traccar/handler/events/IgnitionEventHandlerTest.java
+++ b/src/test/java/org/traccar/handler/events/IgnitionEventHandlerTest.java
@@ -1,14 +1,11 @@
 package org.traccar.handler.events;
 
+import org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions;
 import org.junit.jupiter.api.Test;
 import org.traccar.BaseTest;
-import org.traccar.model.Event;
 import org.traccar.model.Position;
 import org.traccar.session.cache.CacheManager;
 
-import java.util.Map;
-
-import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.assertNull;
 import static org.mockito.Mockito.mock;
 
 public class IgnitionEventHandlerTest extends BaseTest {
@@ -21,8 +18,7 @@ public class IgnitionEventHandlerTest extends BaseTest {
         Position position = new Position();
         position.set(Position.KEY_IGNITION, true);
         position.setValid(true);
-        Map<Event, Position> events = ignitionEventHandler.analyzePosition(position);
-        assertNull(events);
+        ignitionEventHandler.analyzePosition(position, Assertions::assertNull);
     }
 
 }
diff --git a/src/test/java/org/traccar/handler/events/MaintenanceEventHandlerTest.java b/src/test/java/org/traccar/handler/events/MaintenanceEventHandlerTest.java
index 661336d76..f0bd4a3f9 100644
--- a/src/test/java/org/traccar/handler/events/MaintenanceEventHandlerTest.java
+++ b/src/test/java/org/traccar/handler/events/MaintenanceEventHandlerTest.java
@@ -2,11 +2,14 @@ package org.traccar.handler.events;
 
 import org.junit.jupiter.api.Test;
 import org.traccar.BaseTest;
+import org.traccar.model.Event;
 import org.traccar.model.Maintenance;
 import org.traccar.model.Position;
 import org.traccar.session.cache.CacheManager;
 
+import java.util.ArrayList;
 import java.util.Date;
+import java.util.List;
 import java.util.Set;
 
 import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.assertEquals;
@@ -38,24 +41,30 @@ public class MaintenanceEventHandlerTest extends BaseTest {
         MaintenanceEventHandler eventHandler = new MaintenanceEventHandler(cacheManager);        
 
         when(maintenance.getStart()).thenReturn(10000.0);
-        when(maintenance.getPeriod()).thenReturn(2000.0);                
+        when(maintenance.getPeriod()).thenReturn(2000.0);
+
+        List<Event> events = new ArrayList<>();
  
         lastPosition.set(Position.KEY_TOTAL_DISTANCE, 1999);
-        position.set(Position.KEY_TOTAL_DISTANCE, 2001);        
-        assertTrue(eventHandler.analyzePosition(position).isEmpty());
+        position.set(Position.KEY_TOTAL_DISTANCE, 2001);
+        eventHandler.analyzePosition(position, events::add);
+        assertTrue(events.isEmpty());
 
         lastPosition.set(Position.KEY_TOTAL_DISTANCE, 3999);
-        position.set(Position.KEY_TOTAL_DISTANCE, 4001);        
-        assertTrue(eventHandler.analyzePosition(position).isEmpty());
+        position.set(Position.KEY_TOTAL_DISTANCE, 4001);
+        eventHandler.analyzePosition(position, events::add);
+        assertTrue(events.isEmpty());
 
         lastPosition.set(Position.KEY_TOTAL_DISTANCE, 9999);
         position.set(Position.KEY_TOTAL_DISTANCE, 10001);
-        assertEquals(1, eventHandler.analyzePosition(position).size());
+        eventHandler.analyzePosition(position, events::add);
+        assertEquals(1, events.size());
 
         lastPosition.set(Position.KEY_TOTAL_DISTANCE, 11999);
         position.set(Position.KEY_TOTAL_DISTANCE, 12001);
-        assertEquals(1, eventHandler.analyzePosition(position).size());
-        
+        eventHandler.analyzePosition(position, events::add);
+        assertEquals(2, events.size());
+
     }
 
 }
diff --git a/src/test/java/org/traccar/protocol/AtrackProtocolDecoderTest.java b/src/test/java/org/traccar/protocol/AtrackProtocolDecoderTest.java
index be6fb5c45..7115e0ea6 100644
--- a/src/test/java/org/traccar/protocol/AtrackProtocolDecoderTest.java
+++ b/src/test/java/org/traccar/protocol/AtrackProtocolDecoderTest.java
@@ -44,6 +44,9 @@ public class AtrackProtocolDecoderTest extends ProtocolTest {
         decoder.setCustom(true);
 
         verifyPositions(decoder, binary(
+                "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"));
+
+        verifyPositions(decoder, binary(
                 "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"));
 
         verifyPositions(decoder, binary(
diff --git a/src/test/java/org/traccar/protocol/Gl200TextProtocolDecoderTest.java b/src/test/java/org/traccar/protocol/Gl200TextProtocolDecoderTest.java
index b6e50e07d..4cccf8fa2 100644
--- a/src/test/java/org/traccar/protocol/Gl200TextProtocolDecoderTest.java
+++ b/src/test/java/org/traccar/protocol/Gl200TextProtocolDecoderTest.java
@@ -11,6 +11,14 @@ public class Gl200TextProtocolDecoderTest extends ProtocolTest {
 
         var decoder = inject(new Gl200TextProtocolDecoder(null));
 
+        verifyAttribute(decoder, buffer(
+                "+RESP:GTVGN,C2010D,869653060009939,GV600M,453966,0,0.0,0,163.9,10.239379,45.931389,20231210233723,0222,0010,2F31,006D7621,,,0.0,20240107182623,143F$"),
+                Position.KEY_IGNITION, true);
+
+        verifyAttribute(decoder, buffer(
+                "+RESP:GTIGF,8020050502,867488060278727,,509,1,0.0,184,32.6,14.003446,42.654554,20240219124629,0222,0001,0FAD,0497F715,00,,0.0,20240219124630,FD2F$"),
+                Position.KEY_IGNITION, false);
+
         verifyPositions(decoder, buffer(
                 "+RESP:GTERI,C2010D,869653060009939,GV600M,00000100,,10,1,0,0.0,0,163.9,10.239379,45.931389,20231210233723,0222,0010,2F31,006D7621,,0.0,,,,3,410000,,1,0,6,4,0,,01BF,Sondaporte,EA7D0A3882F6,1,3484,21.81,43,00,00,0,0,0,20240114221802,1875$"));
 
@@ -52,14 +60,14 @@ public class Gl200TextProtocolDecoderTest extends ProtocolTest {
                 "+RESP:GTFRI,5E0100,862061048023666,,,12940,10,1,1,0.0,97,179.8,-90.366478,38.735379,20230616183231,0310,0410,6709,03ADF710,00,6223.7,,,,,110000,,,,202306161834$"));
 
         verifyAttribute(decoder, buffer(
-                "+BUFF:GTERI,410502,864802030794634,GV75W,00000001,,10,1,1,0.0,0,3027.8,-78.706612,-0.955699,20230418170736,0740,0002,A08C,2AB72D,00,0.0,,,,100,110000,1,0099,20230418171004,8B98$"),
+                "+BUFF:GTERI,410502,864802030794634,,00000001,,10,1,1,0.0,0,3027.8,-78.706612,-0.955699,20230418170736,0740,0002,A08C,2AB72D,00,0.0,,,,100,110000,1,0099,20230418171004,8B98$"),
                 Position.KEY_FUEL_LEVEL, 153);
 
         verifyPositions(decoder, false, buffer(
                 "+BUFF:GTFRI,2E0503,861106050005423,,,0,1,,,,,,,,,,,,0,0,,98,1,0,,,20200101000001,0083$"));
 
         verifyAttribute(decoder, buffer(
-                "+RESP:GTERI,271002,863457051562823,GV300,00000002,,10,1,1,0.0,15,28.2,-58.695253,-34.625413,20230119193305,0722,0007,1168,16B3BB,00,0.0,,,,99,210100,2,1,28F8A149F69A3C25,1,0190,20230119193314,07C7$"),
+                "+RESP:GTERI,271002,863457051562823,,00000002,,10,1,1,0.0,15,28.2,-58.695253,-34.625413,20230119193305,0722,0007,1168,16B3BB,00,0.0,,,,99,210100,2,1,28F8A149F69A3C25,1,0190,20230119193314,07C7$"),
                 Position.PREFIX_TEMP + 1, 25.0);
 
         verifyAttribute(decoder, buffer(
@@ -176,7 +184,7 @@ public class Gl200TextProtocolDecoderTest extends ProtocolTest {
                 "+RESP:GTERI,310603,863286023345490,,00000002,,10,1,2,0.3,0,155.7,8.000000,52.000000,20171215213040,0262,0002,1450,9F13,00,1130.3,00539:27:19,,,110000,2,1,28FFD5239115034E,1,,20171215213041,27C7$"));
 
         verifyPositions(decoder, buffer(
-                "+RESP:GTERI,250C02,868789023691057,GV300,00000019,,10,1,1,0.0,196,2258.0,-99.201807,19.559242,20180214002957,0334,0003,235B,7F8D,00,6786.7,,,,100,110000,1,0394,1,4,100.0,100.0,20180214003006,C72B$"));
+                "+RESP:GTERI,250C02,868789023691057,,00000019,,10,1,1,0.0,196,2258.0,-99.201807,19.559242,20180214002957,0334,0003,235B,7F8D,00,6786.7,,,,100,110000,1,0394,1,4,100.0,100.0,20180214003006,C72B$"));
 
         verifyAttributes(decoder, buffer(
                 "+RESP:GTCAN,310603,863286023335723,gv65,00,1,C03FFFFF,,0,,719601.00,,,,,,,,274.99,179.02,95.98,84761.00,,,0,,0,,,0,0.0,216,29.8,-2.155296,51.899400,20180209172714,0234,0010,53F3,8D38,00,20180211002128,E94E$"));
@@ -203,7 +211,7 @@ public class Gl200TextProtocolDecoderTest extends ProtocolTest {
                 "+RESP:GTOBD,360701,864251020253807,LSGTC58UX7Y067312,GV500,0,70FFFF,LSGTC58UX7Y067312,1,12309,983A8140,0,0,33,nan,,0,0,0,,10,0,,0,4.4,0,83.7,36.235142,49.967324,20170829112348,0255,0001,2760,9017,00,690.1,20170829112400,3456$"));
 
         verifyPositions(decoder, buffer(
-                "+RESP:GTERI,060502,861074023620928,GV300,00000002,27822,10,1,1,0.0,84,2870.9,-78.531796,-0.277329,20170825045344,,,,,,0.0,01138:30:24,,,83,220104,2,1,28FF2776A2150308,1,FFAD,0,20170825045348,A88C$"));
+                "+RESP:GTERI,060502,861074023620928,,00000002,27822,10,1,1,0.0,84,2870.9,-78.531796,-0.277329,20170825045344,,,,,,0.0,01138:30:24,,,83,220104,2,1,28FF2776A2150308,1,FFAD,0,20170825045348,A88C$"));
 
         verifyAttributes(decoder, buffer(
                 "+RESP:GTINF,280500,A1000043D20139,GL300VC,41,,31,0,0,,,3.87,0,1,1,,,20170802150751,70,,48.0,,,20170802112145,03AC$"));
@@ -218,7 +226,7 @@ public class Gl200TextProtocolDecoderTest extends ProtocolTest {
                 "+RESP:GTTRI,862370030005908,1,0,99,1,0.0,354,18.5,18.821100,-34.084002,20170607152024,0655,0001,00DD,1CAE,00,0103010100,20170607172115,3E7D$"));
 
         verifyPositions(decoder, buffer(
-                "+RESP:GTERI,060800,861074023677175,GV300,00000002,12351,10,1,1,0.0,0,2862.4,-78.467273,-0.164998,20170529181717,,,,,,0.0,00259:11:50,,,0,210104,2,1,28E17436060000E2,1,015F,0,20170529181723,2824$"));
+                "+RESP:GTERI,060800,861074023677175,,00000002,12351,10,1,1,0.0,0,2862.4,-78.467273,-0.164998,20170529181717,,,,,,0.0,00259:11:50,,,0,210104,2,1,28E17436060000E2,1,015F,0,20170529181723,2824$"));
 
         verifyPosition(decoder, buffer(
                 "+RESP:GTSWG,110100,358688000000158,,1,0,2.1,0,27.1,121.390717,31.164424,20110901073917,0460,0000,1878,0873,,20110901154653,0015$"));
@@ -239,7 +247,7 @@ public class Gl200TextProtocolDecoderTest extends ProtocolTest {
                 "+RESP:GTFRI,060228,862894020180553,,14827,10,1,1,3.4,199,409.6,-63.174466,-17.739317,20170407121823,0000,0000,0000,0000,00,15989.5,01070:43:13,13,180,0,220101,,,,20170407081824,9607$"));
 
         verifyPositions(decoder, buffer(
-                "+RESP:GTERI,060502,861074023376992,GV300,00000002,27239,10,1,1,0.2,312,183.3,-79.320820,-2.499110,20170401212005,0740,0000,EE4E,C98F,00,0.0,02114:36:35,,,90,220504,2,0,0,20170401212007,9E3D$"));
+                "+RESP:GTERI,060502,861074023376992,,00000002,27239,10,1,1,0.2,312,183.3,-79.320820,-2.499110,20170401212005,0740,0000,EE4E,C98F,00,0.0,02114:36:35,,,90,220504,2,0,0,20170401212007,9E3D$"));
 
         verifyPositions(decoder, buffer(
                 "+RESP:GTFRI,060502,861074023689626,,25202,10,1,1,0.0,0,2744.1,-78.261047,0.023452,20170401211940,,,,,,0.0,00079:19:15,,,51,110000,,,,20170401212003,4DA7$"));
@@ -251,7 +259,7 @@ public class Gl200TextProtocolDecoderTest extends ProtocolTest {
                 "+RESP:GTERI,06020B,862170010196747,,00000000,,10,1,2,1.8,0,-2.5,117.198440,31.845219,20120802061037,0460,0000,5663,0358,00,0.0,,,,0,410000,20120802061040,0012$"));
 
         verifyPositions(decoder, buffer(
-                "+RESP:GTERI,060502,861074023692562,GV300,00000002,14197,10,1,1,0.2,220,491.8,-79.064212,-2.159754,20170401212007,0740,0000,EE49,CE25,00,0.0,01509:10:58,,,87,220104,2,0,0,20170401212010,D14D$"));
+                "+RESP:GTERI,060502,861074023692562,,00000002,14197,10,1,1,0.2,220,491.8,-79.064212,-2.159754,20170401212007,0740,0000,EE49,CE25,00,0.0,01509:10:58,,,87,220104,2,0,0,20170401212010,D14D$"));
 
         verifyPositions(decoder, buffer(
                 "+RESP:GTFRI,210102,354524044925825,,1,1,1,29,2.8,0,133.7,-90.203063,32.265473,20170318005208,,,,,10800,4,20170318005208,0002$"));
@@ -487,8 +495,17 @@ public class Gl200TextProtocolDecoderTest extends ProtocolTest {
         verifyAttributes(decoder, buffer(
                 "+ACK:GTGEO,1A0102,135790246811220,,0,0008,20100310172830,11F0"));
 
-        decoder.setModelOverride("GV355CEU");
+        verifyAttributes(decoder, buffer(
+                "+RESP:GTINF,6E0202,868589060187625,RA82,11,89883030000091225018,41,0,1,12349,,4.15,0,1,0,0,20240328231013,0,0,0,0,00,00,+0000,0,20240328231015,7D4F"));
+        
+        verifyAttribute(decoder, buffer(
+                "+RESP:GTINF,6E0202,868589060187625,RA82,11,89883030000091225018,41,0,1,12349,,4.15,0,1,0,0,20240328231013,0,0,0,0,00,00,+0000,0,20240328231015,7D4F"),
+                Position.KEY_POWER, 12.349);
 
+        verifyAttribute(decoder, buffer(
+                "+RESP:GTINF,6E0202,868589060187625,RA82,11,89883030000091225018,41,0,1,12349,,4.15,0,1,0,0,20240328231013,0,0,0,0,00,00,+0000,0,20240328231015,7D4F"),
+                Position.PREFIX_ADC + 3, "0");
+        
         verifyAttributes(decoder, buffer(
                 "+RESP:GTCAN,8020050605,867488060270575,,00,1,FFFFFFFF,8LBETF3W4N0001613,,,22.54,0,,,,,,,7.84,4.61,3.24,3.33,,8080,,,00,0.00,0.00,1,14,14,2371,0,001FFFFF,,,,,,,,,7158,9998,0,7.84,0.00,0.00,558,,,,,,,C0,,,,,0,0.0,346,2848.5,-78.592371,-0.968132,20240202083437,0740,0002,526C,00AE7907,00,20240202083440,3F6D$"));